IMPACT OF GENDER INEQUALITY ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT

Authors

  • ROYAL OWUNNA Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • ALICE OMOEFE AJOBI Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • ANGELA ADANNA AMAEFULE Faculty of Military Science and Interdisciplinary Studies, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria.
  • FADERO OLUWAFEMI EMMANUEL Faculty of Education, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v5i5.474

Keywords:

organizational commitment, pay gaps, career advancement opportunities, gender inequality

Abstract

This study examines the impact of gender inequality on organizational commitment. The significance of this study lies in the influence of career advancement opportunities as a significant aspect of enhancing organizational commitment among employees. This study used a qualitative research technique, the study population comprised, 20 female employees of the educational institution. Using a qualitative method and a case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. The results show that career advancement opportunities significantly improve organizational commitment by increasing employee motivation and engagement. On the other hand, pay gaps are negatively associated with organizational commitment among employees, highlighting the need for equality and implementing practices that support fairness and reinforce a positive organizational environment among workers. This research provides valuable insights for leaders of educational institutions on the importance of choosing appropriate career advancement opportunities for their employees and emphasizing fair organizational culture in achieving business success.

Author Biographies

  • ALICE OMOEFE AJOBI, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.

    PhD student at the Faculty of Educational Studies, at Universiti Putra Malaysia

  • ANGELA ADANNA AMAEFULE, Faculty of Military Science and Interdisciplinary Studies, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria.

    PhD student at the Faculty of Military Science and Interdisciplinary Studies, Nigerian Defence Academy Kaduna, Nigeria.

  • FADERO OLUWAFEMI EMMANUEL, Faculty of Education, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria.

    PhD study at the Faculty of Education, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria.

References

Al Balushi, A.K., Thumiki, V.R.R., Nawaz, N., Jurcic, A., Gajenderan, V. (2022): Role of organizational commitment in career growth and turnover intention in public sector of Oman. – Plos One 17(5): 39p.

Ardyputri, A.F., Ariyanto, E. (2023): The effect of job stress, job satisfaction and organizational commitment on employee turnover intention of PT. Aplus Pacific Jakarta. – European Journal of Business and Management Research 8(2): 238-243.

Ashiq, U., Abbas, N., Hassan, S.S., Mir, U.R. (2020): Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: Valid Predictors of Turnover Intentions. – Review of Economics and Development Studies 6(4): 931-939.

Barth, E., Kerr, S.P., Olivetti, C. (2021): The dynamics of gender earnings differentials: Evidence from establishment data. – European Economic Review 134: 53p.

Beck, K., Wilson, C. (2001): Have we studied, should we study, and can we study the development of commitment? Methodological issues and the developmental study of work-related commitment. – Human Resource Management Review 11(3): 257-278.

Bernard, H.R. (2017): Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. – Rowman & Littlefield 728p.

Blau, F.D., Kahn, L.M. (2017): The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations. – Journal of Economic Literature 55(3): 789-865.

Boehman, J. (2006): Affective, continuance, and normative commitment among student affairs professionals. – North Carolina State University 201p.

Boukamcha, F. (2023): A comparative study of organizational commitment process in the private and public sectors. – International Journal of Organizational Analysis 31(5): 1987-2013.

Brinkmann, S., Kvale, S. (2015): Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. – Sage Publications 354p.

Castleberry, A., Nolen, A. (2018): Thematic analysis of qualitative research data: Is it as easy as it sounds? – Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning 10(6): 807-815.

Chang, E.H., Milkman, K.L. (2020): Improving decisions that affect gender equality in the workplace. – Organizational Dynamics 49(1): 7p.

Chatman, J. (1986): Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: the effects of compliance, identification, and internalization on prosocial behavior. – Journal of Applied Psychology 71(3): 492-499.

Chernyak-Hai, L., Bareket-Bojmel, L., Margalit, M. (2024): A matter of hope: Perceived support, hope, affective commitment, and citizenship behavior in organizations. – European Management Journal 42(4): 576-583.

Chiedu, C.K., Long, C.S., Ashar, H.B. (2022): The relationship among job satisfaction, organizational commitment and employees’ turnover at Unilever Corporation in Nigeria. – European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 7(1): 62-83.

Cohen, A., Golan, R. (2007): Predicting absenteeism and turnover intentions by past absenteeism and work attitudes: An empirical examination of female employees in long term nursing care facilities. – Career Development International 12(5): 416-432.

Colquitt, J.A., Conlon, D.E., Wesson, M.J., Porter, C.O., Ng, K.Y. (2013): Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. – Journal of Applied Psychology 86(3): 425-445.

Côté, S. (2024): A multidimensional framework for examining the effects of social class on organizational behavior. – Journal of Management 50(3): 928-948.

Cotter, D.A., Hermsen, J.M., Vanneman, R. (2011): The end of the gender revolution? Gender role attitudes from 1977 to 2008. – American Journal of Sociology 117(1): 259-289.

Couch, K.A., Fairlie, R.W. (2010): Last hired, first fired? Black‐white unemployment and the business cycle. – Demography 47(1): 227-247.

Creswell, A., White, T., Dumoulin, V., Arulkumaran, K., Sengupta, B., amp; Bharath, A.A. (2018): Generative adversarial networks: An overview. – IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 35(1): 53-65.

Dayal, G., Verma, P. (2021): Employee Satisfaction And Organization Commitment: Factors Affecting Turnover Intentions And Organization Performance. – Ilkogretim Online 20(5): 3315-3324.

Dewi, R.S., Nurhayati, M. (2021): The effect of career development on turnover intention with job satisfaction and organizational commitment as mediators, study at PT Control Systems Arena Para Nusa. – European Journal of Business and Management Research 6(4): 11-18.

Dongrey, R., Rokade, V. (2022): A framework to assess the impact of employee perceived equality on contextual performance and mediating role of affective commitment to enhance and sustain positive work behavior. – Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 14p.

Eggers Del Campo, I., Steinert, J.I. (2022): The effect of female economic empowerment interventions on the risk of intimate partner violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. – Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 23(3): 810-826.

Eisenberger, R., Malone, G.P., Presson, W.D. (2016): Optimizing perceived organizational support to enhance employee engagement. – Society for Human Resource Management and Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2: 3-22.

Elayan, M.B., Albalawi, A.S., Shalan, H.M., AL-HOORIE, A.H., Shamout, M.D. (2023): Perceived manager’s emotional intelligence and happiness at work: The mediating role of job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment. – Organizacija 56(1): 18-31.

Elrayah, M., Mabkhot, H. (2023): Organizational Commitment and Employees Turnover Intention in Saudi Public Sector: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction and Work Environemnt. – International Journal of Professional Business Review: Int. J. Prof. Bus. Rev. 8(10): 21p.

Etzioni, A. (1975): Comparative analysis of complex organizations, rev. – Simon and Schuster 584p.

Ferdiana, S., Khan, Z., Ray, S. (2023): Investigating the impact of career development, organizational commitment, and organizational support on employee retention. – Journal of Management Studies and Development 2(02): 117-128.

García, L., Thomas, E., Hill, E. (2020): Gender disparities in organizational commitment: A review of the empirical evidence. – Journal of Organizational Behavior 41(2): 173-188.

Garcia, M.F., Ahmed, R., Flores, G.L., Halliday, C.S. (2023): Gender equality and comparative HRM: A 40-year review. – Human Resource Management Review 33(4): 15p.

Gauci, P., Peters, K., O’Reilly, K., Elmir, R. (2022): The experience of workplace gender discrimination for women registered nurses: A qualitative study. – Journal of Advanced Nursing 78(6): 1743-1754.

Ghaderi, Z., Tabatabaei, F., Khoshkam, M., Shahabi Sorman Abadi, R. (2023): Exploring the role of perceived organizational justice and organizational commitment as predictors of job satisfaction among employees in the hospitality industry. – International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration 24(3): 415-444.

Gustari, I., Widodo, W. (2021): On psychological capital affects organizational citizenship behavior through affective commitment. – Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 3(11): 01-08.

Halim, Y.T., Zaazou, Z.A., El-Deeb, M.S. (2023): Factors affecting gender equality in public organizations in Egypt. – Future Business Journal 9(1): 20p.

Hancock, D.R., Algozzine, B., Lim, J.H. (2021): Doing case study research: A practical guide for beginning researchers. – Teachers College Press 114p.

Hing, L.S.S., Sakr, N., Sorenson, J.B., Stamarski, C.S., Caniera, K., Colaco, C. (2023): Gender inequities in the workplace: a holistic review of organizational processes and practices. – Human Resource Management Review 33(3): 25p.

Hosen, S., Hamzah, S.R.A., Ismail, I.A., Alias, S.N., Abd Aziz, M.F., Rahman, M.M. (2024): Training & development, career development, and organizational commitment as the predictor of work performance. – Heliyon 10(1): 13p.

Iguodala-Cole, H. (2023): Gender Dynamics in Nigeria's Contemporary Workplace: Perception on Values and Satisfaction. – Al-Qalam Journal of Sociological & Anthropological Studies 2(1): 23-40.

International Labour Organisation (2022): Pay transparency legislation: Implications for employers’ and workers’ organizations. – International Labour Organisation 72p.

Islam, M.A., Aldaihani, F.M.F. (2021): Justification for adopting qualitative research method, research approaches, sampling strategy, sample size, interview method, saturation, and data analysis. – Journal of International Business and Management 5(1): 01-11.

Islam, T., Ur Rehman Khan, S., Norulkamar Bt. Ungku Ahmad, U., Ali, G., Ahmed, I. (2014): Organizational learning culture and psychological empowerment as antecedents of employees’ job related attitudes: a mediation model. – Journal of Asia Business Studies 8(3): 249-263.

Izelmaden, M. (2024): Gender Inequality in the Workplace: Concepts and Perspectives. – In Understanding Women’s Career Experiences in Moroccan Businesses: A Multi-Level Analysis of Gender Relations, Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 28p.

Jang, J., Kandampully, J. (2018): Reducing employee turnover intention through servant leadership in the restaurant context: A mediation study of affective organizational commitment. – International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration 19(2): 125-141.‏

Je, J.S., Khoo, C., Yang, E.C.L. (2023): Gender issues in tourism organizations: Insights from a two-phased pragmatic systematic literature review. – Gender and Tourism Sustainability 23p.

Jia-Jun, Z., Hua-Ming, S. (2022): The impact of career growth on knowledge-based employee engagement: the mediating role of affective commitment and the moderating role of perceived organizational support. – Frontiers in Psychology 13: 10p.

Kaur, N., Arora, P. (2020): Acknowledging gender diversity and inclusion as key to organizational growth: A review and trends. – Journal of Critical Reviews 7(6): 125-131.

Kim, J.S., Milliman, J.F., Lucas, A.F. (2021): Effects of CSR on affective organizational commitment via organizational justice and organization-based self-esteem. – International Journal of Hospitality Management 92: 8p.

Kish-Gephart, J.J., Moergen, K.J., Tilton, J.D., Gray, B. (2023): Social class and work: A review and organizing framework. – Journal of Management 49(1): 509-565.

Lau, V.W., Scott, V.L., Warren, M.A., Bligh, M.C. (2023): Moving from problems to solutions: A review of gender equality interventions at work using an ecological systems approach. – Journal of Organizational Behavior 44(2): 399-419.

Li, C. (2024): Organizational identification and unethical pro-organizational behavior: A culture-moderated meta-analysis. – Ethics & Behavior 34(5): 360-380.

Li, J.Y., Lee, Y., Xu, D. (2023): The role of strategic internal communication in empowering female employees to cope with workplace gender discrimination. – Corporate Communications: An International Journal 28(1): 135-154.

Malik, M.E., Nawab, S., Naeem, B., Danish, R.Q. (2010): Job satisfaction and organizational commitment of university teachers in the public sector of Pakistan. – International Journal of Business and Management 5(6): 17-26.

McDonald, K.S., Hite, L.M. (2023): Career development: A human resource development perspective. – Routledge 258p.

Mella, P. (2022): In every organization, gender stereotypes reduce organizational efficiency and waste productive energy: a systems thinking perspective. – Kybernetes 51(13): 156-185.

Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Herscovitch, L., Topolnytsky, L. (2002): Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. – Journal of Vocational Behavior 61(1): 20-52.

Mills, A.J., Durepos, G., Wiebe, E. (Eds.) (2009): Encyclopedia of case study research. – Sage Publications 1106p.

Mir, R.A., Manzoor, S. (2018): Psychological empowerment effects on employee affective commitment and behavioural intentions. – Pacific Business Review International 10(9): 174-181.

Mirić, M., Slavković, M. (2023): Does training and development affect employee retention in the hotel industry? The mediator role of organizational commitment. – Менаџмент у хотелијерству и туризму 11(1): 51-65.

Moorthy, K., Salleh, N.M.Z.N., T'ing, L.C., Ling, L.P., Min Yeng, D., Jia Ning, L., Jer Sin, L., Pui Mun, L. (2022): Gender inequality affecting women’s career progression in Malaysia. – Journal of International Women's Studies 23(1): 310-332.

Morchio, I., Moser, C. (2024): The gender pay gap: Micro sources and macro consequences (No. w32408). – National Bureau of Economic Research 5p.

Mowday, R.T., Steers, R.M., Porter, L.W. (1979): The measurement of organizational commitment. – Journal of Vocational Behavior 14(2): 224-247.

Moyser, M. (2019): Measuring and analyzing the gender pay gap: A conceptual and methodological over-view. – Statistics Canada 42p.

Nelson, L.K., Brewer, A., Mueller, A.S., O’Connor, D.M., Dayal, A., Arora, V.M. (2023): Taking the time: The implications of workplace assessment for organizational gender inequality. – American Sociological Review 88(4): 627-655.

Nelwan, O.S., Lengkong, V.P.K., Tewal, B., Pratiknj, M.H., Saerang, R.T., Ratag, S.P., Walangitan, H.D., Paat, F.J., Kawet, R.C. (2024): The Effect of Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Turnover Intention in the Tourism Management and Environmental Sector in Minahasa Regency-North Sulawesi-Indonesia. – Revista de Gestao Social e Ambiental 18(3): e05242-e05242.

Njuki, J., Eissler, S., Malapit, H., Meinzen-Dick, R., Bryan, E., Quisumbing, A. (2023): A review of evidence on gender equality, women’s empowerment, and food systems. – Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation 24p.

Nurtjahjono, G.E., Setyono, L., Sugiastuti, R.H., Fisabilillah, R.J. (2023): Predicting turnover intention through employee satisfaction and organizational commitment in Local Banks in East Java. – Profit: Jurnal Adminsitrasi Bisnis 17(1): 94-102.

O'Connor, P. (2020): Why is it so difficult to reduce gender inequality in male-dominated higher educational organizations? A feminist institutional perspective. – Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 45(2): 207-228.

Organ, D.W. (1997): Organizational citizenship behavior: It's construct clean-up time. – Human Performance 10(2): 85-97.

Parahoo, K. (1997): Samples and sampling. Nursing research: principles, process and issues. – Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 440p.

Petrongolo, B., Ronchi, M. (2020): Gender gaps and the structure of local labor markets. – Labour Economics 64: 12p.

Pinnington, A., Aldabbas, H., Mirshahi, F., Pirie, T. (2022): Organizational development programs and employees’ career development: the moderating role of gender. – Journal of Workplace Learning 34(5): 466-496.

Polit-O'Hara, D., Hungler, B.P. (1993): Essentials of nursing research: Methods, appraisal, and utilization. – Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 554p.

Pratama, E.N., Suwarni, E., Handayani, M.A. (2022): The effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on turnover intention with person organization fit as moderator variable. – Aptisi Transactions on Management 6(1): 74-82.

Pullen, E., Fischer, M.W., Morse, G., Garabrant, J., Salyers, M.P., Rollins, A.L. (2023): Racial disparities in the workplace: The impact of isolation on perceived organizational support and job satisfaction. – Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 46(1): 45-52.

Reshi, I.A., Sudha, T. (2023): The Gender Pay Gap and Its Impact on Women's Economic Empowerment. – Morfai Journal 3(1): 9-16.

Rodriguez, J.K., Guenther, E.A. (2022): Gendered organization theory. – The Manchester University 36p.

Roussille, N. (2021): The central role of the ask gap in gender pay inequality. – University of California, Berkeley 54p.

Ryan, M.K. (2023): Addressing workplace gender inequality: Using the evidence to avoid common pitfalls. – British Journal of Social Psychology 62(1): 1-11.

Sandelowski, M. (2010): What’s in a name? Qualitative description revisited. – Research in Nursing & Health 33(1): 77-84.

Saville, N.M., Uppal, R., Odunga, S.A., Kedia, S., Odero, H.O., Tanaka, S., Kiwuwa-Muyingo, S., Eleh, L., Venkatesh, S., Zeinali, Z., Koay, A. (2024): Pathways to leadership: what accounts for women’s (in) equitable career paths in the health sectors in India and Kenya? A scoping review. – BMJ Global Health 9(7): 20p.

Scott-Ladd, B., Travaglione, A., Marshall, V. (2006): Causal inferences between participation in decision making, task attributes, work effort, rewards, job satisfaction and commitment. – Leadership & Organization Development Journal 27: 399-414.

Sedai, A.K., Nepal, R., Jamasb, T. (2022): Electrification and socio-economic empowerment of women in India. – The Energy Journal 43(2): 215-238.

Seliverstova, Y., Pierog, A. (2021): A theoretical study on global workforce diversity management, its benefits and challenges. – Cross-Cultural Management Journal 23(1): 117-124.

Shirle, T. (2019): Study of gender-based salary differentials at the University of Manitoba: Final report. – University of Manitoba 27p.

Stamarski, C.S., Son Hing, L.S. (2015): Gender inequalities in the workplace: the effects of organizational structures, processes, practices, and decision makers’ sexism. – Frontiers in Psychology 6: 20p.

Sugiarti, E. (2022): The influence of training, work environment and career development on work motivation that has an impact on employee performance at PT. Suryamas Elsindo Primatama in West Jakarta. – International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 6(1): 1-11.

Susanto, P.C. (2022): Employee Engagement Strategy: Analysis Of Organizational Commitment, Compensation, Career Development. – In International Conference of Humanities and Social Science (ICHSS) 7p.

Sveinson, K., Taylor, E., Keaton, A.C., Burton, L., Pegoraro, A., Toffoletti, K. (2022): Addressing gender inequity in sport through women’s invisible labor. – Journal of Sport Management 36(3): 240-250.

Tahir, M.Z., Hadi, N.U., Awan, T.M. (2021): The role of person-organisation fit and affective commitment in inspiring citizenship behaviours among banking sector employees of Pakistan. – International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change 15(6): 1-25.

Thwin, N.P.Z., Janarthanan, M., Bhaumik, A. (2023): Impact of career advancement on employee retention. – International Journal of Latest Engineering and Management Research 8(1): 106-109.

Tomaszewski, L.E., Zarestky, J., Gonzalez, E. (2020): Planning qualitative research: Design and decision making for new researchers. – International Journal of Qualitative Methods 19: 7p.

Tost, L.P., Hardin, A.E., Roberson, J.W., Gino, F. (2022): Different roots, different fruits: Gender-based differences in cultural narratives about perceived discrimination produce divergent psychological consequences. – Academy of Management Journal 65(6): 1804-1834.

Tremblay, M. (2021): Understanding the dynamic relationship between career plateauing, organizational affective commitment and citizenship behavior. – Journal of Vocational Behavior 129: 13p.

UN Women (2022): Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: The Gender Snapshot. – UN Women 36p.

Van der Heijden, B.I., Davies, E.M., Van der Linden, D., Bozionelos, N., De Vos, A. (2022): The relationship between career commitment and career success among university staff: The mediating role of employability. – European Management Review 19(4): 564-580.

Venkat, M.V.V., Khan, S.R.K., Gorkhe, M.D., Reddy, M.K.S., Rao, S.P. (2023): Fostering Talent Stability: A Study on Evaluating the Influence of Competency Management on Employee Retention in the Automotive Industry. – Remittances Review 8(4): 2300-2328.

Wang, Q., Gan, K.P., Wei, H.Y., Sun, A.Q., Wang, Y.C., Zhou, X.M. (2024): Public service motivation and public employees' turnover intention: the role of job satisfaction and career growth opportunity. – Personnel Review 53(1): 99-118.

Wang, W., Albert, L., Sun, Q. (2020): Employee isolation and telecommuter organizational commitment. – Employee Relations: The International Journal 42(3): 609-625.

Wazir, H., Jan, I. (2020): Moderating effects of organizational commitment on job satisfaction and turnover intention. – Journal of Research in Emerging Markets 2(4): 48-57.

Wolniak, G.C., Chen-Bendle, E.C., Tackett, J.L. (2023): Exploring Gender Differences in Leadership Aspirations: A Four-Year Longitudinal Study of College Students From Adverse Backgrounds. – AERA Open 9: 18p.

World Economic Forum (2022): Global gender gap report. – World Economic Forum 374p.

Yin, R.K. (2018): Case study research and applications. – Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 352p.

Yoon, H.J., Bailey, N., Amundson, N., Niles, S. (2024): The effect of a career development programme based on the Hope-Action Theory: Hope to Work for refugees in British Columbia. – In Migration and Wellbeing, Routledge 13p.

Young, H.R., Glerum, D.R., Joseph, D.L., McCord, M.A. (2021): A Meta-Analysis of Transactional Leadership and Follower Performance: Double-Edged Effects of LMX and Empowerment. – Journal of Management 47(5): 1255-1280.

Zhu, K., Wang, X., Jiang, M. (2022): The impact of organizational commitment on turnover intention of substitute teachers in public primary schools: Taking psychological capital as a mediator. – Frontiers in Psychology 13: 9p.

Downloads

Published

2024-10-30

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

IMPACT OF GENDER INEQUALITY ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT. (2024). Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(5), 326-341. https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v5i5.474