Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (QJSSH) is an open-access, online electronic publication, and peer-reviewed journal. QJSSH journal addressing the current issues in the study area of social sciences and humanities. The journal publishes research articles, review articles, short communications, case studies and reports in anthropology and sociology, archeology, area studies, business and administration, cultural and ethnic studies, economic and finance, education and educational research, gender studies, geography, law, library and information science, media and communication, political science and governance, psychology and human development, rural and urban development, social and community work, social and economiv development, social enterpreneurship, sociolinguistics, volunteerism, youth development, and multidisciplinary research of international interest. QJSSH journal provide immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Abstract and Indexing Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (QJSSH) are abstracted and indexing in Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE); COnnecting REpositories (CORE); Dimensions; Directory of Research Journal Indexing (DRJI); EuroPub; Google Scholar; Malaysian Journal (MyJurnal); Malaysian Citation Index (MyCite); Neliti; Open Ukrainian Citation Index (OUCI); Scilit; Semantic Scholar; UDLedge; and many more.
SPEECH-LEVEL SHIFTS IN JAPANESE MANGA (COMIC): A DISCOURSE POLITENESS THEORY APPROACH
This research concludes that speech-level shifts in Japanese manga (comic) are not arbitrary linguistic variations but are dynamic communicative strategies that function within the framework of Mayumi Usami’s Discourse Politeness Theory (DPT). Problem statement existing research on Japanese manga and anime has predominantly relied on Brown and Levinson of 1987 framework, which focuses on sentence-level strategies to avoid Face-Threatening Acts (FTAs). However, these models often overlook socially obligatory language use (wakimae) and fail to systematically account for discourse-level phenomena, such as how shifting between polite and non-polite forms creates meaning across an entire interaction. There is a significant gap in understanding how Discourse Politeness (DP) Defaults are constructed and manipulated in fictional worlds to produce specific interactional effects. Thus, this research aims to analyse linguistic factors which motivates speech-level shifts among characters in Japanese manga. This study is using qualitative method in analysing the manga series Case Closed: Zero’s Tea Time, focusing on the character Toru Amuro, whose three distinct social roles (café worker, detective, and criminal) provide a rich dataset for observing language variation. The results indicate that several linguistic factors motivate speech-level shifts, including sudden topic changes, the mitigation of difficult or sensitive content, and the creation of friendliness through stylistic incongruity. Overall, this research contributes to Japanese discourse studies by demonstrating how speech-level shifts operate as discourse-level politeness strategies within interaction. It also provides an alternative perspective to politeness research that has traditionally been dominated by Western theoretical frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2026 AZNUR AISYAH, ROSLINA MAMAT, ZALINA MOHD KASIM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENGLISH, BUT MAKE IT GEN Z: CREATIVITY AND VARIATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA LANGUAGE
The popularity of social media has altered the communication pattern of young people, particularly the students of Generation Z who are living in the digital world where internet usage is their daily routine. Communication in these online platforms tends to space out of typical written English by incorporating emojis, abbreviations, innovative spelling, different typography, and seamless blending of English and local languages. Although these linguistic creativities are typical of the telecommunication platforms like WhatsApp and Instagram, their intended meanings can be misinterpreted or perceived as reckless or as lack of language proficiency. This issue reveals an opportunity for further research on the communicative values and social meanings of digital languages. This research aims to determine the creative linguistic elements applied by Generation Z learners on social media, and to analyse the new trends in digital English. Qualitative content analysis was employed to document language as it is naturally found in the digital context. Information is gathered in the form of the screen shots of the actual online communication as captured in several social media platforms like Instagram and WhatsApp communication. The results indicate the Generation Z students employ creative features of language like emojis, abbreviations, stylised spelling and code-mixing language in deliberate and organised means. These practices are signs of flexibility, awareness, and good communicative competence in the digital spaces than indicators of poor language abilities. It was revealed that the creative uses of English language by Generation Z on social media are both purposeful and socially inclined. Emojis, stylistic variation, code-mixing, and the use of abbreviation act as extensions of emotion, expression of identity, and relationship expression, and not to be perceived as language deficiency. This online language emerges as a new English language variation which can be perceived as a strategic strength in social communication among Generation Z.
Copyright (c) 2026 SITI AFIQAH MOHD SHAH, ERDA WATI BAKAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FOREIGN LANGUAGE READING ANXIETY SCALE (FLRAS) FOR MANDARIN LEARNERS IN MALAYSIAN UNIVERSITIES: VALIDATION STUDY
Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale (FLRAS) is a self-report instrument designed to measure a learner’s level of anxiety when reading in a foreign language. Although widely used in English language contexts, its application in Mandarin learning environments has been limited, and the validity and reliability of the scale in such contexts remain underexamined. Moreover, existing studies have raised concerns about its factor structure when adapted to Mandarin. This study investigates the validation of the FLRAS in the context of Mandarin learning through a two-phase validation process using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). In the pilot phase, data from 120 respondents were analysed via EFA using SPSS. The results indicated that all items could be retained; however, a four-factor structure emerged rather than the previously proposed two-factor model commonly reported in English-language studies. Subsequently, in the main study phase, data were collected from 326 Mandarin learners across Malaysian public universities. These data were analysed using CFA in AMOS. Fit indices, including chi-square, RMSEA, CFI, and NFI confirmed that the four-factor model demonstrated acceptable to good fit (χ²/df = 2.374, RMSEA = .060,CFI = .964, TLI = .960), thereby supporting the structural validity of the FLRAS for use with Mandarin learners. In conclusion, the FLRAS has been validated as a reliable and structurally sound instrument for assessing foreign language reading anxiety among Mandarin learners in Malaysia. This tool can help educators and stakeholders identify sources of reading anxiety, design targeted interventions, and cultivate learning environments that enhance reading performance and skill development.
Copyright (c) 2026 YEE CHIN YIP, NURHASMA MUHAMAD SAAD, MARGARET ANTHONEY, NURUL AIN CHUA ABDULLAH, AJHAR AHMAD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KELESTARIAN BAHASA ISTANA DAN KOMUNIKASI SIMBOLIK DALAM ISTIADAT MENYEMBAH KEMBALI BAUR DI ERA DIGITAL
Istiadat Menyembah Kembali Baur di negeri Perak merupakan simbol tradisi yang sarat dengan nilai estetika, adab, dan kedaulatan institusi beraja Melayu. Walaupun lazimnya dikaji dari sudut sejarah, kelestarian ritual eksklusif ini berhadapan dengan ancaman "pencairan makna" dalam arus mediatisasi global. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kaitan antara penggunaan laras bahasa istana dengan keberkesanan komunikasi simbolik bukan lisan (non-verbal) menggunakan pendekatan integratif Analisis Wacana Multimodal dan Teori Mediatization. Melalui kajian kes kualitatif, data diperoleh daripada pemerhatian lapangan, analisis arkib, dan temu bual mendalam bersama informan autoriti. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa laras bahasa istana berinteraksi secara intersemiotik dengan pergerakan kinesik dan objek material untuk menzahirkan kedaulatan hierarki secara visual dan lisan. Lebih penting lagi, kajian ini mengemukakan kerangka baharu dalam penterjemahan ritual tradisional ke dalam bentuk arkib digital yang mengekalkan makna sakralnya tanpa dekontekstualisasi. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada wacana global mengenai antropologi digital dan sosiolinguistik, membuktikan bahawa integrasi sistem linguistik dan inovasi digital adalah kunci pelestarian warisan tidak ketara sistem monarki mendepani cabaran abad ke-21. The Istiadat Menyembah Kembali Baur ceremony in the state of Perak is a traditional symbol laden with aesthetic value, decorum, and the sovereignty of the Malay royal institution. Although typically studied from a historical perspective, the sustainability of this exclusive ritual faces the threat of "meaning dilution" amidst the current of global mediatisation. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the correlation between the use of the royal court language register (bahasa istana) and the effectiveness of non-verbal symbolic communication, employing an integrative approach of Multimodal Discourse Analysis and Mediatisation Theory. Through a qualitative case study, data were obtained from field observations, archival analysis, and in-depth interviews with authoritative informants. The findings indicate that the royal court language register interacts intersemiotically with kinesic movements and material objects to manifest hierarchical sovereignty both visually and verbally. More importantly, this study proposes a new framework for the translation of traditional rituals into digital archives that preserves their sacral meaning without decontextualisation. This research contributes to the global discourse on digital anthropology and sociolinguistics, proving that the integration of linguistic systems and digital innovation is key to the preservation of the monarchy system's intangible heritage in facing 21st-century challenges.
Copyright (c) 2026 MUHAMAD ADHA ABD JALIL, ROS MAHWATI AHMAD ZAKARIA, ZULISKANDAR RAMLI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TEACHING AND LEARNING OF KINAYAH IN SAHIH AL-BUKHARI AND MUSLIM THROUGH MINECRAFT EDUCATION
This study examines the teaching and learning of Kināyah in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī and Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim by utilising Minecraft Education as an instructional tool. Guided by the Design and Development Research (DDR) model, this paper reports the findings from Phase 1: Needs Analysis. The objectives of this phase are to: (i) identify students’ learning practices related to al-Kināyah and al-Ḥadīth al-Syarīf, (ii) determine the challenges they face in understanding al-Kināyah, (iii) assess their readiness and perceptions toward the use of gamification specifically Minecraft Education and (iv) identify the multimedia and instructional elements required for designing a Minecraft-based learning module. Data were collected from 42 undergraduate students across various Islamic Studies programmes at the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) using a validated questionnaire. The findings show that students encounter multiple difficulties, including limited vocabulary, insufficient learning resources, and reliance on traditional teaching methods. However, the results also demonstrate strong acceptance and positive attitudes toward gamification, with students expressing that Minecraft Education could improve engagement, motivation, and comprehension. This study provides empirical evidence on learner needs for developing a Minecraft-based educational module on al-Kināyah, offering a structured framework for integrating game-based learning into Islamic Studies and Arabic rhetorical instruction.
Copyright (c) 2026 MUHAMMAD NUR FARHAN ZAMZIBA, RAHMAH AHMAD H OSMAN, MUHAMMAD ANWAR AHMAD, AYU MIRANDA ABDUL HALIM, FATIMAH AZZAHRA RASHID https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CROSS-GENERATIONAL PRAGMATIC FAILURES IN THE MOVIE ‘THE INTERN’ (2015)
In order to ensure successful communication in professional settings, pragmatic competence is essential. However, when interlocutors rely on distinct pragmatic standards, communication breakdowns can happen, especially when people from various generations are involved. This study examines how cross-generational pragmatic failure is portrayed in the 2015 movie The Intern, concentrating on interactions between Baby Boomer and Millennial characters at work. This study examines three carefully chosen scenes that demonstrate intergenerational communication in a modern organizational setting using a qualitative content analysis methodology. To find examples of pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic failure, the analysis is driven by Brown and Levinson's Politeness Theory, Grice's Cooperative Principle, and Relational Work Theory. Verbatim transcriptions of conversations were used to gather data, which were then methodically coded using a coding framework created by the researcher. The results point to a greater occurrence of sociopragmatic failure as compared to pragmalinguistic failure, primarily due to the lack of proper prognostications regarding formality/politeness/joke, communication etiquette, and medium compliance. Additionally, the data demonstrates that older and younger characters experience co-pragmatic failure arising from a lack of questions, presumed to signal a sociocultural ‘ply’ communication breakdown, rather than a ‘failure to communicate.’ The data also reiterates that failure is not only complex, opaque, and rigid, but that it is also pliable and results in a condition of reciprocity with the necessary ‘shifts’ from the involved parties. This research, by prioritising generational identity as a significant pragmatic variable and showcasing the discourse of the film as a pragmatic resource, contributes to the body of knowledge on sociolinguistics and pragmatics. The research also enhances pragmatic awareness as well as the understanding of the nature of communication and the dysfunctions across generations in contemporary workplaces.
Copyright (c) 2026 MUHAMMAD HAFIZIN NAZMI BAHARUDDIN, HAIDA UMIERA HASHIM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTEGRATING SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM AND VISIBLE THINKING IN VIRTUAL DRAMA CLASSROOM: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The expansion of digital learning in the post-pandemic era has created new opportunities for innovative pedagogical approaches in higher education. However, maintaining student interaction and engagement in the virtual language learning environment remains a concern, particularly in drama education, where collaborative and experiential practices are crucial. This conceptual paper aims the complex challenges inherent in virtual drama classrooms by proposing and describing a conceptual framework. The framework combines Social Constructivist Theory (SCT), founded by Vygotsky in 1962, and Project Zero (PZ)’s Visible Thinking (VT) principles developed by Ritchhart that happen in 2006. Grounded in the works of Lev Vygotsky, a renowned socio-constructivist theorist, the proposed framework underpins the significant role of social interaction in the construction of knowledge through dialogue, collaboration and mediation. Aligning with SCT’s approach to learning, PZ’s VT routines, such as Think–Pair–Share and the Ladder of Feedback, are intended to help learners be conscious of their thought processes and, as such, facilitate structured language for discussions, scaffold peer-to-peer communication, and encourage students to think reflectively during drama-based tasks. The proposed framework demonstrates how drama pedagogy, integrated with the underlying social constructivist principles and VT routines, can stimulate collaboration, creative and reflective thinking and thus engagement amongst learners. It therefore seeks to contribute to the scholarly literature on drama education, interactive language learning and social constructivist teaching approaches, providing practitioners with new ways of understanding and designing more engaging drama-based learning activities in virtual contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 ZAAMAH MOHD NOR, LAURA CHRIST DASS, JEBAKUMARI SELVARANI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BRIDGING THE EMPLOYABILITY GAP: ESL COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE AMONG MALAYSIAN YOUTH
English language proficiency has become a key determinant of employability in Malaysia, particularly in professional contexts where effective communication is essential for workplace interaction, collaboration, and career advancement. Despite holding academic qualifications, many Malaysian youth continue to experience difficulties in securing employment due to limitations in ESL communicative competence. This issue reflects a persistent mismatch between graduates’ communicative abilities and industry expectations, where workplace communication skills are increasingly prioritised in recruitment and professional performance. This study examines ESL communicative competence among Malaysian youth and its alignment with employability. Communicative competence is conceptualised based on Canale and Swain’s (1980) framework, comprising linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competencies. A quantitative research design is employed, and data are collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to Malaysian youth. The instrument measures the four dimensions of ESL communicative sub-competencies. Data are analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), involving descriptive statistical analysis to determine the level of each sub-competency and identify patterns across dimensions of communicative performance in relation to employability outcomes. The findings are expected to provide empirical insights into the levels of ESL communicative sub-competencies among Malaysian youth in relation to workplace communication demands. Specifically, the study is anticipated to highlight variations in linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence, contributing to a clearer understanding of communicative strengths and deficiencies. The study is expected to inform educators, curriculum designers, and policymakers in enhancing English language instruction and improving youth readiness for communication demands in contemporary professional environments and increasingly competitive globalised labour markets.
Copyright (c) 2026 FARAH HANI SHAHARUDDIN, NOR FAZLIN MOHD RAMLI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ACADEMIC WRITING NEEDS TOWARD ETHNOANDRAGOGY-BASED SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Academic writing competence is an essential skill for university students, enabling them to communicate ideas effectively and participate in scholarly discourse. However, many students still encounter difficulties in organizing ideas, constructing arguments, and applying appropriate academic conventions. Therefore, the development of effective learning materials that support students’ academic writing skills is an important concern in higher education. This study aims to analyze students’ needs regarding the development of academic writing learning materials based on ethnoandragogy and self-directed learning using an interactive flipbook. This research employed a mixed methods design. Quantitative data were collected through a survey involving 219 undergraduate students using a Likert-scale questionnaire consisting of 13 items. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The reliability analysis showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.939). The EFA results revealed a four-factor structure comprising: (1) academic writing and andragogy, (2) ethnopedagogy, (3) technology integration, and (4) reflective learning, explaining 72.4% of the total variance. Model fit indices indicated an acceptable to good fit (RMSEA = 0.0769; TLI = 0.950). The qualitative findings provide deeper insights into these results by revealing that students value the practicality and accessibility of digital learning materials, prefer self-directed and flexible learning environments, and expect culturally relevant content. However, they also experience challenges related to comprehension and unequal access to digital resources, as well as the need for more interactive learning features. The integration of quantitative and qualitative findings suggests that students’ learning needs are multidimensional and context-dependent. Therefore, the development of academic writing materials should not only focus on instructional content but also incorporate learner autonomy, cultural relevance, and interactive digital design. The study suggests that developing ethnoandragogy-based academic writing materials delivered through interactive flipbooks may provide a promising approach to support students’ academic writing learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 INDRAWATI, NURHAYATI, MULYADI EKO PURNOMO, ERNALIDA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENHANCING PERFORMANCE IN MANDARIN LIVE ROLE-PLAY ASSESSMENTS: THE ‘GOLDEN STEPS’ PEDAGOGICAL FRAMEWORK
This paper addresses challenges in teaching Mandarin as a Foreign Language (MFL) in Malaysia. In the Mandarin live role-play assessment, many students were not fully prepared, but relying on notes to deliver the content, and therefore demonstrating low levels of performance, which significantly impacts their overall grades, and challenged the assessment validity. To overcome the problem, this paper proposes the “Golden Steps” pedagogical framework, from “memorising error-free script, doing online group practice, making individual selfie memorisation video, and conducting a full group rehearsal” to guide MFL learners from mastering role play content to perform Mandarin live role-play confidently. This paper analyzes the “Golden Steps” pedagogical framework through the learning theories. It draws on Bandura Social Cognitive Theory in 1986, demonstrating how the steps build self-efficacy through enactive mastery. It further utilizes Kolb Experiential Learning Theory in 1984 to show how the process guides learners through a complete learning cycle of conceptualisation, observation, experimentation, and concrete experience. The 7Cs of Communication framework across five sequential phases are also employed to ensure the final performance is coherent: Mastery of Content (error-free script), Practice and Observation (group practice videos), Articulation and Automation (individual selfie memorisation videos), Collaboration and Cohesion (group rehearsal videos), and Execution and Evaluation (live assessment). Synthesising all the elements of the theories, this paper introduces the “Golden Steps” framework by providing MFL learners with a clear pathway from basic content mastery to confident, communicative execution. The "Golden Steps" pedagogical framework offers educators a practical, theory-grounded strategy to enhance students’ performance in Mandarin live role-play assessment.
Copyright (c) 2026 LOW HIANG LOON https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LISTENING SKILL
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed educational practices, including foreign language teaching and learning. AI-based technologies, such as intelligent tutoring systems, adaptive learning platforms, and conversational agents, offer new opportunities to support personalised, interactive, and autonomous language learning. However, research on the use of AI in developing foreign-language listening skills remains limited and underexplored. Therefore, this study aims to systematically review the potential of artificial intelligence as an educational tool in foreign language teaching and learning by focusing on three main objectives: (1) to identify the methodologies employed in previous studies, (2) to examine the characteristics of participants involved in AI-based listening skill studies, and (3) to analyse the impact of artificial intelligence in listening skill learning outcomes. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method was employed to identify and analyse relevant studies. Advanced searches were conducted in the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases to ensure inclusion of high-quality empirical research. 22 papers were selected and analysed to answer the research questions. The findings revealed that AI technologies enhance learner engagement, provide personalised feedback, and support the development of various language skills, particularly listening comprehension. Exposure to AI-driven assessments demonstrated significant improvement in listening comprehension among EFL learners. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, particularly regarding pedagogical integration, ethical considerations, teacher readiness, and application to other languages. This review highlights the need for further research to strengthen the effective implementation of AI in foreign language education.
Copyright (c) 2026 NOR ASIAH ABDULLAH, MOHD FEHAM MD GHALIB https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF METADISCOURSE MARKERS IMPLEMENTATION IN WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
The main objective of conducting this systematic review is to study the usage of metadiscourse markers in expository writing among ESL and EFL novice writers by reviewing pertinent aspects such as the types of metadiscourse markers used, the effect of language proficiency on metadiscourse usage and the types of language errors committed from the perspective of metadiscourse studies. To achieve the objective, the literature published in four different databases was reviewed. After applying a series of selection criteria, 26 empirical articles were selected including a total of 1696 novice writers in English writing with ages ranging from 15 to 59 years and the analysis of 17,777 essays. These students were evaluated with two categories of metadiscourse markers namely interactive and interactional as well as taking their language proficiency and language errors committed into consideration. The findings from this review show that (1) there are 86% (19 out of 22 articles) metadiscourse studies conducted on interactional markers as compared to interactive markers; (2) 43% (6 out of 14 articles) metadiscourse studies done on high proficiency students as compared to low and average proficiency students, and (3) 66% of the language errors commonly associated with undergraduate students are the misuse of metadicourse markers (6 out of 9 articles). This systematic review would benefit future researchers in determining the research direction based on the gaps discovered from the previous study and language educators in catering their learners with different proficiencies of the proper use of metadiscourse markers. Additionally, this systematic review would give priority to aspects of metadiscourse that have received less attention, such as interactive metadiscourse markers, the use of metadiscourse markers by learners who are less proficient, and the necessity of a framework that focuses on the mistakes made when using metadiscourse markers rather than language in general.
Copyright (c) 2026 SITI FARIDAH KAMARUDDIN, NAGINDER KAUR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY AS REGIONAL CAPITAL: AI-DRIVEN MULTILINGUAL POLICY IN ASEAN
The language policy in ASEAN is a significant concern, primarily because of the dependence on English as the sole working language as stipulated in Article 34 of the ASEAN Charter. This classification enhances administrative clarity but has also exacerbated disparities in regional involvement, raising concerns over equitable participation and linguistic rights. Variations in English proficiency among member states illustrate wider sociolinguistic hierarchies that influence access to institutional processes and regional governance. In contrast, the EU has institutionalized a comprehensive regime that demonstrates the structural advantages of coordinated language governance, ASEAN scholarship has not yet systematically integrated sociolinguistic theory, legal analysis, and AI-driven technologies into a comparable institutional framework suited to ASEAN’s consensus-based model. This paper rooted in sociolinguistic theories that view linguistic diversity as a form of regional capital, proposes an AI-driven multilingual governance framework for ASEAN through Al-based multilingual tools for translation and interpretation. This study utilizes qualitative legal research and document-based comparative analysis to investigate ASEAN’s and EU’s language governance framework. A range of scholarly works and policy documents are reviewed to evaluate institutional flexibility and operational limitations. The result shows that ASEAN cannot immediately replicate the EU’s fully institutionalized multilingual framework politically or economically. AI-driven translation and interpretation systems can address ASEAN’s institutional gap in multilingual coordination. These technologies can enable multilingual access, scalability, and potential cost savings while keeping English as the core language. The study shows that ASEAN’s present structure and a right-based, digitally aided multilingual framework can promote more inclusive regional integration.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOHAMMAD WAHYU, MUHAMMAD SHIDDIQ, SHIKHA S AVIA, NADYA NISWAH, RANIA NAJMA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING PATHWAYS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ PERSONALISED ENGLISH-SPEAKING LEARNING WITH GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
English-speaking instruction has long been plagued by insufficient input, lack of interaction, delayed feedback, and emotional anxiety, leading to unsatisfactory outcomes. Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) offers a new solution to these challenges by enabling real-time, adaptive conversational practice. This study systematically examined the potential effectiveness of GenAI in enhancing learners' English-speaking proficiency using a mixed-methods approach that combined pre- and post-test speaking assessments, weekly reflective journals, and semi-structured interviews. Three customised agents: an AI Reading Assistant, an AI Speaking Partner, and an AI Speaking Examiner; were integrated into participants' learning routines. The findings revealed that GenAI contributed to improvements in pronunciation, grammatical accuracy, speaking fluency, and learners’ confidence by offering immediate feedback and a low-anxiety learning environment. Participants also reported increased willingness to communicate and greater opportunities for repeated speaking practice in a supportive environment. In addition, GenAI-assisted interaction encouraged learners to engage in more self-directed speaking activities and facilitated greater awareness of their language problems during oral production. However, variations were observed across learners with different proficiency levels, particularly in the development of specific speaking micro-skills. Despite its pedagogical potential, GenAI also demonstrated limitations, including weak memory continuity, limited emotional authenticity, and difficulties handling culturally nuanced or complex communicative contexts. Overreliance on AI-generated responses during speaking practice may reduce opportunities for spontaneous language production and for independent use of communicative strategies. In addition, the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated feedback occasionally varied, leading to uncertainty among learners when evaluating and revising their spoken output. The results offer new insights into English-speaking instruction, emphasising the need for adaptive prompt engineering and teacher–AI collaboration. They also provide guidance on improving the use of GenAI in speaking instruction, such as designing scaffolded tasks for diverse proficiency levels.
Copyright (c) 2026 YUE LAN, NORAZRIN ZAMRI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
JAPANESE LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE IN THE USE OF ENGLISH
Language is a social and cultural marker of human identity, but English proficiency in Japan remains relatively low, ranking 55th out of 100 countries worldwide. This sociolinguistic condition triggers interference in the mother tongue that infiltrating the unconscious use of foreign languages among bilingual speakers. This research, with a qualitative descriptive method, aims to identify various forms of interference and analyze the factors that cause interference in Japanese speakers when using English. The data were collected from spontaneous speeches in audio-visual data (i.e. videos on the YouTube channel). The study's findings show interference in several aspects, beginning with lexical interference involving the use of Japanese vocabulary across the categories of verbs, adjectives, nouns, and adverbs, due to the speaker's limited vocabulary. At the morphological level, the use of the affirmative suffix ~yo, the respectful suffix ~san, and aizuchi expressions such as ee, eeto, and un are still influenced by the culture and nuances of Japanese politeness. In addition, syntactic interference arises through the insertion of Japanese phrases or clauses at the beginning of speech as a representation of the speaker's thought process. In conclusion, the main driving factors behind this interference include low English-language competence, differences in cultural norms regarding politeness, and strong first-language thinking habits that carry over into the target language. Although interference risks threaten the purity of language, they are still seen as an important part of the process of future development and enrichment of the language's vocabulary.
Copyright (c) 2026 ALIFFIA RACHMAWATI, ZAID MOHD ZIN, ROSLINA MAMAT https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WINNING THE WAR AGAINST UNREADABLE TEXTS: CLASSIC VERSUS NEW READABILITY FORMULAS
In recent years, many texts of dissimilar genres, including academic and corporate, have been reported to be low in readability. Despite the widespread availability and frequent application of existing readability formulas, the ongoing battle against unreadable texts has not seen much improvement. This calls for a re-examination of existing formulas in order to understand the gaps and issues in readability. To do just that, the study then comparatively analysed a total of seven (7) classic and new readability formulas namely (i) Flesch-Kincaid Readability Test, (ii) Dale-Chall Formulas, (iii) Gunning Fog Index, (iv) Coleman-Liau Formulas, (v) Fry Graph, (vi) SMOG, and (vii) the New Dale-Chall formula, to unveil their similarities and differences. The study, which purposively sampled the formulas due to their practicality and wide acceptance by the public, looked into the formulas’ inclusion of language factors and the texts used for their development apart from their intended use. As a result, a consistent overreliance on sentence length and word difficulty as the two commonly used factors of readability was observed. Other than that, the study also found the lack of readability formulas to specifically assess non-academic texts. These findings suggest that though readability is not a new scholarly area, there may be still much to be explored by future research. This includes incorporating other language factors as well as developing genre-specific formulas, so as to move away from the overly tested factors apart from expanding the application of readability beyond just the academic settings. Having more accurate readability assessment tools would then support the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through effective public communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 MUHAMMAD NASIRUDDIN AZIZ, YARINA AHMAD, NOR SUZIWANA TAHIR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SEARCHING FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE ADVOCACY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MALAYSIAN EDUCATION BLUEPRINT
Despite the high-profile 2025 government mandates to integrate new ASEAN languages such as Thai, Vietnamese, and Khmer into the national curriculum, the newly released Malaysian Education Blueprint (MEB) 2026-2035 presents a striking omission; foreign languages are virtually absent from the strategic framework. This research critically investigates the policy-practice gap that has emerged between political rhetoric and documented educational priorities. While 2025 was marked by significant hype regarding regional linguistic integration, the MEB 2026-2035 reveals a lack of concrete consideration for the institutional capacity required to sustain such expansion. Using a Critical Policy Analysis (CPA) approach and comparative analysis, this study examines the positioning of existing foreign languages such as Japanese, German, and French which have long struggled for structural support within the MEB 2013-2025 and MEB 2026-2035, tracing the trajectory of foreign language advocacy over two decades of reform. Preliminary findings suggest that the national system is already grappling with a "bilingual duopoly" (Bahasa Melayu and English) that crowds out other languages, leaving them without measurable proficiency goals, standardized output, or sufficient teacher training. The study argues that introducing new foreign languages without addressing the issues of current foreign language programs is a performative rather than a pedagogical move. By mapping the silences in the Malaysian Education Blueprint, this paper calls for a shift from symbolic announcements to actual policy advocacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 AZALIA ZAHARUDDIN, ZORAIDA MUSTAFA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KONSTRUKTIVISME SOSIAL DALAM HUBUNGAN MALAYSIA-TURKIYE: SINERGI IDENTITI ISLAM DAN KERJASAMA EKONOMI KONTEMPORARI
Artikel ini mengkaji dinamika hubungan dua hala antara Malaysia dan Türkiye dalam tempoh 2000 hingga 2018 dengan mengaplikasikan Teori Konstruktivisme sosial . Berbeza dengan teori realisme atau liberalisme tradisional yang menekankan aspek kekuasaan material semata-mata, kajian ini menghuraikan bagaimana norma sosial, nilai keagamaan (Islam), dan ikatan sejarah lampau membina identiti dan kepentingan nasional bersama kedua-dua buah negara. Dalam konteks hubungan ekonomi, solidariti Islam diterjemahkan secara praktikal melalui penglibatan aktif dalam organisasi multilateral seperti Pertubuhan Kerjasama Islam (OIC) dan Kumpulan Lapan Negara Membangun, yang seterusnya merancakkan kerjasama dalam industri makanan halal, pelancongan Islam, serta pelaburan langsung asing (FDI) dan pelaburan luar negara (DIA). Dengan menggunakan kaedah kualitatif pendekatan sejarah-diplomatik dan reka bentuk triangulasi data (sumber primer, sekunder, dan temu bual informan utama), artikel ini menunjukkan bahawa pembinaan identiti bersama berasaskan gagasan ummah mampu memacu kerjasama ekonomi konkrit dan mengurangkan kebergantungan terhadap kuasa-kuasa ekonomi Barat. Hal ini memperkukuh kedudukan strategik kedua-dua negara tersebut. This article examines bilateral relations between Malaysia and Türkiye from 2000 to 2018 by applying Social Constructivism Theory. Unlike traditional realism or liberalism, which emphasises material power, this study explains how social norms, religious values (Islam), and historical ties construct the identities and national interests of both countries. In economic relations, Islamic solidarity is translated into practice through active involvement in multilateral organisations such as the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Developing Eight, which promotes cooperation in the halal food industry, Islamic tourism, foreign direct investment (FDI), and direct investment abroad (DIA). Using a qualitative historical-diplomatic approach and a data triangulation design involving primary sources, secondary sources, and interviews with key informants, this article demonstrates that the construction of a shared identity based on the concept of the ummah can drive economic cooperation and reduce dependence on Western economic powers. This strengthens the strategic position of both countries.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOHAMAD SHAUKHI MOHD RADZI, ASMADY IDRIS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FUNGSI TUMBUHAN DALAM KULINARI MASYARAKAT BUGIS DI WALLACE BAY, PULAU SEBATIK, MALAYSIA
Kajian ini bertujuan mendokumentasikan fungsi tumbuhan dalam kulinari masyarakat Bugis di Wallace Bay, Pulau Sebatik, Sabah. Pengetahuan mengenai penggunaan tumbuhan dalam penyediaan makanan tradisional merupakan sebahagian daripada kearifan tempatan yang diwarisi secara turun-temurun, namun dokumentasinya masih terhad, khususnya dalam kalangan masyarakat Bugis di kawasan sempadan Malaysia–Indonesia. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan penerokaan dengan menggabungkan kaedah kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui pemerhatian ikut serta dan temu bual mendalam terhadap 30 orang informan yang dipilih secara persampelan bertujuan berdasarkan pengalaman mereka dalam penyediaan makanan tradisional. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif melibatkan analisis tematik dan matriks. Hasil kajian merekodkan sebanyak 16 spesies tumbuhan yang digunakan dalam makanan masyarakat Bugis. Tumbuhan tersebut mempunyai enam iaitu sebagai bahan asas, ramuan, pewarna, pewangi, perisa dan agen penapaian. Spesies seperti Oryza sativa, Oryza sativa var. glutinosa dan Cocos nucifera dikenal pasti sebagai bahan asas utama, manakala spesies lain memainkan fungsi pelengkap dalam membentuk identiti rasa, aroma dan warna makanan tradisional Bugis. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan tumbuhan dalam kulinari masyarakat Bugis bukan sahaja memenuhi keperluan pemakanan, malah mencerminkan hubungan erat antara pengetahuan etnobotani, warisan budaya dan identiti masyarakat setempat. Dokumentasi ini diharapkan dapat menyumbang kepada pemeliharaan warisan kulinari serta pembangunan kajian etnobotani di Malaysia. This study documents the functions of plants in the culinary practices of the Bugis community in Wallace Bay, Sebatik Island, Sabah, Malaysia. Knowledge of plant use in traditional food preparation represents an important component of indigenous knowledge that has been transmitted across generations, yet it remains poorly documented, particularly among the Bugis community living along the Malaysia–Indonesia border. An exploratory research design integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches was employed. Data were collected through participant observation and in-depth interviews with 30 purposively selected informants who possessed extensive knowledge and experience in traditional Bugis food preparation. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, complemented by thematic and matrix analyses. The findings recorded 16 plant species used in the preparation of 10 traditional Bugis dishes. These species perform six principal functions, namely as staple ingredients, culinary ingredients, natural colourants, flavouring agents, aromatic agents, and fermentation agents. Oryza sativa, Oryza sativa var. glutinosa, and Cocos nucifera were identified as the primary staple ingredients, while other species contribute significantly to the flavour, aroma, colour and distinctive culinary identity of Bugis traditional foods. The study demonstrates that plant utilization in Bugis cuisine extends beyond nutritional purposes and reflects the close relationship between ethnobotanical knowledge, cultural heritage, and community identity. This documentation contributes to the preservation of Bugis culinary heritage and provides valuable baseline information for future ethnobotanical research in Malaysia.
Copyright (c) 2026 ROSDIANA YANDRE, JURRY FOO, FADZILAH AG KANAK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ACCEPTANCE OF BORNEO (DAYAK) TRADITIONAL FOOD AMONG YOUTH IN SELANGOR
This study looks at the understanding and acceptance of traditional Dayak meals among Selangor youngsters. Sarawak, also known as Bumi Kenyalang, has a rich cultural diversity, with 27 ethnic groups, including the Iban, who make substantial contributions to the state's culinary legacy. Despite growing concerns about nutrition, health, and safety, there has been little extensive research of ethnic foods in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to explore knowledge and discuss what factors influence traditional Dayak food among youth in Selangor. To discover more concerning this study, qualitative research involving 10 respondents had been interviewed. The study found that, while there is a general awareness of Dayak cuisine, deeper understanding and involvement are limited. Health beliefs, peer influence, social media, and cultural events all have an impact on acceptability, with social media having an especially important role in promoting Dayak food among young. The findings highlight the importance of educational programs, social media involvement, and cultural events in promoting and preserving Dayak culinary traditions. This study provides researchers and stakeholders with useful information into consumer behaviour towards Dayak food and ideas for preserving its cultural importance.
Copyright (c) 2025 PUTERA MOHD NAIM NORSALIM, ISMAIL A, CHE ZULKARNAIN C A Z https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TASTE OF TRADITION: UNDERSTANDING KADAZANDUSUN CULINARY PRACTICE, FOCUS ON NONSOOM BAMBANGAN
The Kadazandusun people, the largest indigenous bumiputera group in Sabah, are a blend of the Kadazan and Dusun ethnicities, known as “Mamasok” or “Pasok” meaning “original people”. This research study investigates their traditional food, Noonsom Bambangan, focusing on culinary knowledge specific to the west coast of Sabah, particularly in Kota Belud. The research aims to identify traditional food knowledge among the Kadazandusun and explore factors influencing the consumption of Noonsom Bambangan. Qualitative methods, including interviews the local residents of Kota Belud who are 20 years old up to 70 years old will be selected for this interview, four Informant Profile and observations with local residents, were employed for data collection and analysis. The Research Objective to identify the knowledge on traditional food of Kadazandusun, especially Noonsom Bambangan, among residents in Kota Belud, Sabah. To investigate the factors that influence the consumption of traditional Kadazandusun food, which is Noonsom Bambangan.
Copyright (c) 2025 FARIDAH HANIM ISMAIL, WAHYU TRI HASTININGSIH, A ANDITHA SARI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NAVIGATING STRESS IN HOSPITALITY: A THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SELF-COPING MECHANISMS AMONG MALAYSIAN HOTEL EMPLOYEES
The hospitality industry is recognized as a high-stress environment, where employees frequently face emotional labor, demanding workloads, and constant guest interactions. With employees at the core of hospitality operation, understanding how they manage their well-being through effective coping strategies become a crucial concern. This study explores self-coping mechanisms among hotel employees in Malaysia. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 hotel employees from four-and five-star hotels in Malaysia. Thematic analysis was employed to identify themes and subthemes in self-coping mechanism. Four primary themes emerged: recreational activities, social system, time management, and emotional regulation. The findings suggest that these coping strategies not only enhance individual well-being but also contribute to organizational resilience, as employees maintain performance and adaptability in a demanding work environment. The study contributes theoretically by extending literature in hospitality human resources and practically by providing insights for human resources mental illness intervention strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 NURFATIHAH MAZLAN, NORZUWANA SUMARJAN, NUR IZZATI SHAHARUDDIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSING FOOD WASTE BEHAVIOUR AMONG THE COMMUNITY OF PULAU TUBA, LANGKAWI
It has been acknowledged that tourist destinations worldwide face significant issues related to food waste, which comes most from the hospitality sector. Meanwhile, Pulau Tuba, a small island located off the west coast of Langkawi, is a relatively lesser-known destination renowned for its natural beauty and might face a similar issue when the industrial players start to come in. Thus, this study aims to investigate the food waste behaviour of its community by applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) prior to any future developments to accommodate the needs of the tourism industry in Pulau Tuba. A self-administered questionnaire was conveniently distributed to respondents at four identified locations in Pulau Tuba. The data were then analysed using SPSS (ver. 26) software. The findings reveal no significant correlation between subjective norms and perceived behavioural control towards food waste behaviour. On the other hand, Pearson correlation analysis shows that attitude has a significant positive correlation towards food waste behaviour. Consequently, attitude is shown to be the only predictor that influences food waste behaviour. The findings of this study can benefit the local authority in monitoring and conducting food waste awareness among the Pulau Tuba community. In addition, the outcome of the study can help the authorities and the community prepares the necessary measures to receive the influx of tourists whilst ensuring the sustainability of Pulau Tuba as one of Malaysia’s tourist attractions.
Copyright (c) 2025 ZURAINI MAT ISSA, MAIMUNAH MUSTAKIM, ZAMLI M I, ZAHA Z B M, AHMAD N, MOHD ALIFF ABDUL MAJID https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FROM FARM TO FORK: HOW BLOCKCHAIN ENSURES FOOD SECURITY AND TRUST
The foodservice industry faces significant challenges in ensuring food safety, quality, and transparency across complex supply chains. Thus, blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary tool to address these issues by providing a decentralized, immutable ledger for tracking food products from farm to table. This paper explores the role of blockchain in food quality assurance and control, emphasizing its ability to enhance traceability, prevent fraud, and improve regulatory compliance. By securing real-time, tamper-proof records, blockchain fosters trust among consumers and industry stakeholders while reducing inefficiencies in food supply management. Through the literature review, this paper examines the application of blockchain in global food supply chains, showcasing its effectiveness in improving product traceability and safety. Despite its potential, blockchain adoption faces challenges, with high implementation costs, regulatory uncertainties, and technical barriers. An implementation framework outlining key phases, from initiation to full integration, offering strategic insights for businesses and policymakers was presented. As blockchain evolve, industry collaboration, regulatory support, and technological advancements will be crucial in overcoming barriers and maximizing its impact on food quality assurance. This paper underscores the need for further research to optimize blockchain's scalability and long-term sustainability in foodservice applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 ZUKI M S M, MIOR MOHAMAD AHNAF MIOR FARIDALATHRASH, CHEMAH TAMBY CHIK, ASLINDA MOHD SHAHRIL, CUCU CAHYANA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NAVIGATING THE AI-DRIVEN TRANSFORMATION OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS IN SABAH PUBLIC SECTOR: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly reshaping public sector employment relations globally, yet evidence from subnational jurisdictions within developing federations remains limited. Sabah, Malaysia, has embarked on an ambitious digital transformation agenda that includes integrating AI into civil service. However, the nature and extent of AI’s impact on employment relations, particularly management authority, employee voice, and workplace governance, have not been systematically examined. This preliminary scoping review synthesises available evidence on how AI adoption is transforming employment relations in Sabah’s public sector and identifies the main challenges, opportunities, and strategic adaptation pathways reported in the literature. Studies and credible grey literature published in English or Malay between 1 January 2020 and 1 May 2026 were included if they addressed AI deployment and workforce or employment relations implications within Sabah’s public sector. Documents focusing solely on technical AI architecture without workforce implications were excluded. Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Malaysian institutional repositories, and government portals were systematically searched. A customised extraction form recorded bibliographic details, study context, AI technologies, employment relations dimensions, and key qualitative findings. Data were synthesised using Braun and Clarke’s reflexive thematic analysis. Seventeen sources met the inclusion criteria. Three overarching themes were developed: (1) AI-Induced Reconfiguration of Public Service Work Design, encompassing job displacement concerns, task augmentation, and emerging competency requirements; (2) Algorithmic Governance and the Shifting Employment Relationship, including algorithmic management, procedural justice concerns, and technostress; and (3) Strategic Adaptation Through Institutional Capacity Building, covering training initiatives, social dialogue, and policy responses. AI transformation in Sabah’s public sector remains nascent and fragmented, with substantial evidence gaps concerning collective bargaining, trade union engagement, and equity outcomes. The findings highlight the need to embed social dialogue and workforce participation within Sabah’s digital transformation agenda to ensure that AI-driven modernisation strengthens rather than weakens public sector employment relations.
Copyright (c) 2026 NUR AMILIAH MOHAMMAD AMMAR, AZIZAN MORSHIDI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SEJARAH LISAN DALAM MEREKONSTRUKSI PENSEJARAHAN MALAYSIA DI LAUT CHINA SELATAN: ANTARA RUANG DAN POTENSI
Perkembangan disiplin ilmu sejarah buat sekian lama memusatkan perbahasannya kepada falsafah “no document, no history” sebagai wadah merealisasikan penulisan sejarah “seperti sebenarnya berlaku”. Walhal, usaha mendekati realiti ini tidak ditentukan oleh “bentuk sumber”, tetapi “sifat sumber” serta kebijaksanaan sejarawan dalam memaknakan sesuatu peristiwa sejarah. Dalam makna lain, sejarah lisan juga mampu menghadirkan sumber sejarah yang berwibawa dan mempunyai kesahihan tinggi setaraf dengan sumber dokumen. Malahan, sejarah lisan memungkinkan pendokumentasian fakta baharu serta pelurusan dan pengesahan fakta sedia ada dapat dilakukan oleh sejarawan semasa merekonstruksi sesuatu peristiwa sejarah. Atas kekuatan tersebut, artikel ini bermatlamat (i)mendudukan metod sejarah lisan dalam pengkajian isu tuntutan Laut China Selatan, (ii)mendokumentasikan memori kolektif nelayan tradisi masyarakat Bajau di Laut China Selatan serta (iii)mengemukakan fakta baharu mengenai hubungan interaksi antara masyarakat Malaysia (Sabah) dengan kawasan Laut China Selatan vuat sekian lamanya. Dalam usaha merealisasikan matlamat di atas, kajian ini menggunakan kaedah analisis teks terhadap dokumen kolonial yang tersimpan di Arkib Negara dan Public Record Office serta memori sejarah nelayan tradisi masyarakat Bajau sebagai pelaku sejarah yang bersifat saksi proto. Hasilnya didapati bahawa metod sejarah lisan mendesak untuk diaplikasikan dalam pengkajian isu tuntutan Malaysia di Laut China Selatan kerana memori sejarah nelayan tradisi masyarakat Bajau membuktikan wujudnya interaksi antara masyarakat pesisir Sabah dengan kawasan tersebut, sekali gus menguatkan asas tuntutan Malaysia ke atasnya. The development of the discipline of history has long centred its debate on the philosophy of “no document, no history” as a means of realising historical writing “as it actually happened.” However, the effort to approach this reality is not determined by the “form of the source,” but by the “nature of the source” and the historian’s wisdom in interpreting a historical event. In other words, oral history is also capable of providing authoritative historical sources with a high degree of validity, comparable to documentary sources. Moreover, oral history enables historians to document new facts, as well as to correct and verify existing facts, in the process of reconstructing a historical event. Based on these strengths, this article aims to: (i) position the oral history method within the study of the South China Sea claims issue; (ii) document the collective memory of traditional Bajau fishermen in the South China Sea; and (iii) present new facts regarding the long-standing interactive relationship between Malaysian society in Sabah and the South China Sea area. To achieve these objectives, this study employs textual analysis of colonial documents preserved at the National Archives and the Public Record Office, together with the historical memories of traditional Bajau fishermen as historical actors who function as proto-witnesses. The findings show that the oral history method urgently needs to be applied in the study of Malaysia’s claims in the South China Sea, as the historical memory of traditional Bajau fishermen demonstrates the existence of interaction between the coastal communities of Sabah and the area. This, in turn, strengthens the basis of Malaysia’s claim over it.
Copyright (c) 2026 EKO PRAYITNO JOKO, RAMLI DOLLAH, NORDIN SAKKE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MENELUSURI SEJARAH HAJI ERA KAPAL LAUT MELALUI PENDEKATAN SEJARAH LISAN
Sejarah dan warisan haji era kapal laut merupakan khazanah bangsa dan negara yang cukup lama dan amat bernilai kepada masyarakat. Malang sekali, sejarah dan warisan ini kian hilang seiring dengan hilangnya pelaku sejarah yang merupakan saksi mata tentang peristiwa yang berlaku. Kajian ini bertujuan menyoroti pengkisahan serta memori mereka yang terlibat secara langsung dan tidak langsung dengan hal ehwal haji yang tidak terdapat dalam dokumen-dokumen rasmi. Kajian ini juga akan mengetengahkan peluang serta cabaran yang dihadapi dalam usaha menelusuri sejarah dan warisan haji era kapal laut. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan sejarah lisan, iaitu kaedah temubual separa berstruktur. Responden yang terpilih merupakan mereka yang pernah terlibat secara langsung dan tidak langsung dengan pelaksanaan haji era kapal laut. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kesaksian yang dibuat secara lisan oleh mereka yang terlibat secara langsung dan tidak langsung dengan peristiwa pelaksanaan ibadah haji era pelayaran kapal laut merupakan sumber penting pengetahuan tentang masa lalu yang tidak tercatat dalam dokumen-dokumen rasmi. Ianya juga bertindak sebagai sarana penting bagi memahami nilai, budaya dan pemikiran masyarakat pada zaman yang berbeza. The history and heritage of the Hajj during the sea voyage era constitute a long-standing national treasure that is highly valuable to society. Unfortunately, this history and heritage are gradually disappearing with the passing of historical actors who served as eyewitnesses to the events that took place. This study aims to highlight the narratives and memories of those who were directly and indirectly involved in Hajj affairs, which are not found in official documents. This study also examines the opportunities and challenges encountered in tracing the history and heritage of the Hajj during the sea voyage era. This study employs an oral history approach through semi-structured interviews. The selected respondents consist of individuals who were directly and indirectly involved in the implementation of the Hajj during the sea voyage era. The findings indicate that oral testimonies provided by those directly and indirectly involved in the performance of the Hajj during the sea voyage era constitute an important source of knowledge about the past that is not recorded in official documents. They also serve as an important means of understanding the values, culture, and thinking of society in a different historical period.
Copyright (c) 2026 AIZA MASLAN @ BAHARUDIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HISTORIOGRAFI LISAN MOHD ASRAF HJ ABDUL WAHAB
Penyelidikan melalui sejarah lisan merupakan salah satu medium yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan rekod-rekod sejarah selain daripada sumber primer, sekunder dan tertier. Penulisan ini mengisahkan biografi Tokoh Pejuang Bahasa Sepanjang Hayat yang juga mesra disapa dengan nama Pak Asraf (1927-1999) atau nama penanya iaitu Sasterawijaya dari sudut penulisan sejarah. Anak kelahiran Kampung Assam Jawa, Kuala Selangor ini merupakan seorang pejuang bahasa dalam memperkasa, membina dan mengembangkan kegemilangan karier bahasa Melayu khususnya dari aspek tatabahasa sejak tahun 1950-an hingga tahun 1970-an. Wacana ini dikaji menggunakan metod persejarahan yang berpandukan kepada sumber primer, sekunder, tertier dan lisan. Limitasi penulisan sejarah berkaitan dengan tokoh ini menyebabkan penulis berinisiatif untuk melakukan kajian penyelidikan secara terperinci melibatkan latar belakang hidup, pergerakan-pergerakan dalam pertubuhan perjuangan bahasa dan sumbangan beliau terutama dalam bidang penulisan buku. Selain itu, makalah ini juga dilihat sebagai sinergi kesedaran lokal untuk mengangkat figura ini sebagai salah seorang individu berpengaruh bagi daerah Kuala Selangor. Research through oral history is one of the mediums used in the collection of historical records, in addition to primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. This writing presents the biography of a lifelong language activist, affectionately known as Pak Asraf (1927–1999), or by his pen name, Sasterawijaya, from the perspective of historical writing. Born in Kampung Assam Jawa, Kuala Selangor, he was a language advocate who played an important role in strengthening, developing, and advancing the prestige of the Malay language, particularly in the field of grammar, from the 1950s to the 1970s. This discourse is examined using a historical method based on primary, secondary, tertiary, and oral sources. The limitations in historical writings related to this figure have prompted the author to undertake a detailed research study involving his life background, involvement in language advocacy organisations, and contributions, especially in the field of book writing. In addition, this article is also seen as a form of local awareness synergy aimed at recognising this figure as one of the influential individuals from the district of Kuala Selangor.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOHD HAIDI MOHD KASRAN, ROZEHA HARUN, MOHD HAIRUL IZWAN MOHD KASRAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PENGLIBATAN PEKERJA DALAM KESATUAN SEKERJA: SATU ANALISIS AWAL
Kemasukan buruh asing telah bermula sekitar tahun 1786 dan 1824 dibawah pemerintahan British yang memerlukan tenaga kerja bagi mengusahakan ekonomi di Tanah Melayu pada masa itu. Seterusnya pada tahun 1920-an pergerakan buruh semakin berkembang dengan pembentukan kesatuan sekerja yang membantu ahli mereka daripada ditindas oleh golongan pemodal. Pada masa itu, aktiviti ekonomi perladangan dan perlombongan berkembang pesat sehingga pihak pemodal perlu mengawal lebihan buruh kerana telah mula muncul konflik antara pemodal dan juga tenaga buruh. Sehingga pada awal 1930-an dan perang dunia kedua tercetus, bermula kebangkitan dan kegelisahan buruh di Tanah Melayu. Tambahan lagi, penentangan secara formal berlaku di Malaysia pada tahun 1894 melalui kesatuan sekerja dalam kalangan pekerja kapal Melayu di Semenanjung Malaysia. Oleh itu, artikel ini akan mengupas lebih lanjut mengenai penglibatan pekerja di dalam kesatuan sekerja dengan menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa, perkembangan penubuhan kesatuan sekerja yang paling aktif dicatatkan berlaku pada tahun 1940-an apabila hampir 50 peratus tenaga buruh menjadi ahli kesatuan sekerja. Pada tahun 1946 juga berlaku mogok yang melibatkan hampir 200, 000 pekerja dan menyebabkan aktiviti ekonomi lumpuh. Rentetan daripada kejadian ini, dapat dilihat pada masa kini pemerintah mengawal aktiviti-aktiviti kesatuan sekerja menerusi penguatkuasaan undang-undang pekerjaan termasuk dengan pengenalan dasar perburuhan. The entry of foreign labour began around 1786 and 1824 under British rule, when labour was needed to develop the economy of Malaya at that time. Subsequently, in the 1920s, the labour movement continued to grow with the formation of trade unions, which helped protect their members from oppression by capital owners. During that period, plantation and mining economic activities expanded rapidly, prompting capital owners to control the surplus labour force as conflicts began to emerge between capital owners and workers. By the early 1930s, and with the outbreak of the Second World War, labour unrest and mobilisation began to rise in Malaya. In addition, formal resistance in Malaysia began in 1894 through a trade union among Malay ship workers in Peninsular Malaysia. Therefore, this article further examines workers’ involvement in trade unions using the content analysis method. The findings show that the most active development in the establishment of trade unions was recorded in the 1940s, when nearly 50 per cent of the labour force became members of trade unions. In 1946, a strike involving nearly 200,000 workers also took place, causing economic activities to come to a standstill. As a result of these events, it can be seen that, at present, the government controls trade union activities through the enforcement of employment laws, including the introduction of labour policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 NURUL FADILAH AHMAD, KEE Y SABARIAH KEE MOHD YUSSOF https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE WAR GOES ON: PENELITIAN TERHADAP TRANSKRIP RUNDINGAN BALING, 28 DAN 29 DISEMBER 1955
Artikel ini meneliti transkrip Rundingan Baling pada 28 hingga 29 Disember 1955 berikutan usaha kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu dalam menamatkan darurat. Pengampunan kepada pengganas komunis diumumkan pada 8 September 1955 sejurus kemenangan Parti Perikatan dalam Pilihan raya Umum 1955. Usaha yang dilakukan oleh pihak kerajaan telah membawa kepada pertemuan wakil komunis iaitu Chin Peng, Chen Tien dan Rashid Maidin bersama Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tan Cheng Lock serta David Marshall. Baling English School, menjadi tempat pertemuan antara wakil kerajaan dan Parti Komunis Malaya (PKM). Perbincangan artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan sejarah yang merujuk kepada wawancara bersama informan terpilih, Rekod Arkib Negara Malaysia, akhbar dan dokumen sekunder yang lain. Hasil penelitian penulis, mendapati terdapat sebanyak 308 soal jawab yang melibatkan komunikasi di antara wakil kerajaan dan PKM sepanjang tempoh rundingan selama dua hari. Walaupun, Rundingan Baling tidak berjaya membawa kepada pembubaran PKM seperti mana yang dihasratkan oleh Tunku Abdul Rahman namun menjadi detik penting dan bermakna dalam sejarah negara. Kredibiliti dan ketegasan Tunku Abdul Rahman yang tidak berkompromi dengan wakil PKM menunjukkan sifat terpuji negarawan tersohor. This article examines the transcript of the Baling Talks held from 28 to 29 December 1955, following the efforts of the Government of the Federation of Malaya to end the Emergency. An amnesty for communist terrorists was announced on 8 September 1955, shortly after the victory of the Alliance Party in the 1955 General Election. The government’s initiative led to a meeting between communist representatives, namely Chin Peng, Chen Tien and Rashid Maidin, and Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tan Cheng Lock and David Marshall. Baling English School became the venue for the meeting between representatives of the government and the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). This article adopts a historical approach, drawing on interviews with selected informants, records from the National Archives of Malaysia, newspapers and other secondary documents. The author’s analysis found that there were 308 question-and-answer exchanges involving communication between representatives of the government and the MCP throughout the two-day negotiation period. Although the Baling Talks did not succeed in bringing about the dissolution of the MCP, as intended by Tunku Abdul Rahman, they remain an important and meaningful moment in the nation’s history. The credibility and firmness of Tunku Abdul Rahman, who refused to compromise with the MCP representatives, demonstrated the admirable qualities of a distinguished statesman.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOHAMED ALI HANIFFA, MOHD KASRI SAIDON, ZOLKEFLI BAHADOR, SHARIFAH ISMAIL https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0