Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (QJSSH) is an open-access, online electronic publication, and peer-reviewed journal. QJSSH journal addressing the current issues in the study area of social sciences and humanities. The journal publishes research articles, review articles, short communications, case studies and reports in anthropology and sociology, archeology, area studies, business and administration, cultural and ethnic studies, economic and finance, education and educational research, gender studies, geography, law, library and information science, media and communication, political science and governance, psychology and human development, rural and urban development, social and community work, social and economiv development, social enterpreneurship, sociolinguistics, volunteerism, youth development, and multidisciplinary research of international interest. QJSSH journal provide immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Abstract and Indexing Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (QJSSH) are abstracted and indexing in Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE); COnnecting REpositories (CORE); Dimensions; Directory of Research Journal Indexing (DRJI); EuroPub; Google Scholar; Malaysian Journal (MyJurnal); Malaysian Citation Index (MyCite); Neliti; Open Ukrainian Citation Index (OUCI); Scilit; Semantic Scholar; UDLedge; and many more.
KONSTRUKTIVISME SOSIAL DALAM HUBUNGAN MALAYSIA-TURKIYE: SINERGI IDENTITI ISLAM DAN KERJASAMA EKONOMI KONTEMPORARI
Artikel ini mengkaji dinamika hubungan dua hala antara Malaysia dan Türkiye dalam tempoh 2000 hingga 2018 dengan mengaplikasikan Teori Konstruktivisme sosial . Berbeza dengan teori realisme atau liberalisme tradisional yang menekankan aspek kekuasaan material semata-mata, kajian ini menghuraikan bagaimana norma sosial, nilai keagamaan (Islam), dan ikatan sejarah lampau membina identiti dan kepentingan nasional bersama kedua-dua buah negara. Dalam konteks hubungan ekonomi, solidariti Islam diterjemahkan secara praktikal melalui penglibatan aktif dalam organisasi multilateral seperti Pertubuhan Kerjasama Islam (OIC) dan Kumpulan Lapan Negara Membangun, yang seterusnya merancakkan kerjasama dalam industri makanan halal, pelancongan Islam, serta pelaburan langsung asing (FDI) dan pelaburan luar negara (DIA). Dengan menggunakan kaedah kualitatif pendekatan sejarah-diplomatik dan reka bentuk triangulasi data (sumber primer, sekunder, dan temu bual informan utama), artikel ini menunjukkan bahawa pembinaan identiti bersama berasaskan gagasan ummah mampu memacu kerjasama ekonomi konkrit dan mengurangkan kebergantungan terhadap kuasa-kuasa ekonomi Barat. Hal ini memperkukuh kedudukan strategik kedua-dua negara tersebut. This article examines bilateral relations between Malaysia and Türkiye from 2000 to 2018 by applying Social Constructivism Theory. Unlike traditional realism or liberalism, which emphasises material power, this study explains how social norms, religious values (Islam), and historical ties construct the identities and national interests of both countries. In economic relations, Islamic solidarity is translated into practice through active involvement in multilateral organisations such as the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Developing Eight, which promotes cooperation in the halal food industry, Islamic tourism, foreign direct investment (FDI), and direct investment abroad (DIA). Using a qualitative historical-diplomatic approach and a data triangulation design involving primary sources, secondary sources, and interviews with key informants, this article demonstrates that the construction of a shared identity based on the concept of the ummah can drive economic cooperation and reduce dependence on Western economic powers. This strengthens the strategic position of both countries.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOHAMAD SHAUKHI MOHD RADZI, ASMADY IDRIS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FUNGSI TUMBUHAN DALAM KULINARI MASYARAKAT BUGIS DI WALLACE BAY, PULAU SEBATIK, MALAYSIA
Kajian ini bertujuan mendokumentasikan fungsi tumbuhan dalam kulinari masyarakat Bugis di Wallace Bay, Pulau Sebatik, Sabah. Pengetahuan mengenai penggunaan tumbuhan dalam penyediaan makanan tradisional merupakan sebahagian daripada kearifan tempatan yang diwarisi secara turun-temurun, namun dokumentasinya masih terhad, khususnya dalam kalangan masyarakat Bugis di kawasan sempadan Malaysia–Indonesia. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan penerokaan dengan menggabungkan kaedah kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui pemerhatian ikut serta dan temu bual mendalam terhadap 30 orang informan yang dipilih secara persampelan bertujuan berdasarkan pengalaman mereka dalam penyediaan makanan tradisional. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif melibatkan analisis tematik dan matriks. Hasil kajian merekodkan sebanyak 16 spesies tumbuhan yang digunakan dalam makanan masyarakat Bugis. Tumbuhan tersebut mempunyai enam iaitu sebagai bahan asas, ramuan, pewarna, pewangi, perisa dan agen penapaian. Spesies seperti Oryza sativa, Oryza sativa var. glutinosa dan Cocos nucifera dikenal pasti sebagai bahan asas utama, manakala spesies lain memainkan fungsi pelengkap dalam membentuk identiti rasa, aroma dan warna makanan tradisional Bugis. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan tumbuhan dalam kulinari masyarakat Bugis bukan sahaja memenuhi keperluan pemakanan, malah mencerminkan hubungan erat antara pengetahuan etnobotani, warisan budaya dan identiti masyarakat setempat. Dokumentasi ini diharapkan dapat menyumbang kepada pemeliharaan warisan kulinari serta pembangunan kajian etnobotani di Malaysia. This study documents the functions of plants in the culinary practices of the Bugis community in Wallace Bay, Sebatik Island, Sabah, Malaysia. Knowledge of plant use in traditional food preparation represents an important component of indigenous knowledge that has been transmitted across generations, yet it remains poorly documented, particularly among the Bugis community living along the Malaysia–Indonesia border. An exploratory research design integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches was employed. Data were collected through participant observation and in-depth interviews with 30 purposively selected informants who possessed extensive knowledge and experience in traditional Bugis food preparation. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, complemented by thematic and matrix analyses. The findings recorded 16 plant species used in the preparation of 10 traditional Bugis dishes. These species perform six principal functions, namely as staple ingredients, culinary ingredients, natural colourants, flavouring agents, aromatic agents, and fermentation agents. Oryza sativa, Oryza sativa var. glutinosa, and Cocos nucifera were identified as the primary staple ingredients, while other species contribute significantly to the flavour, aroma, colour and distinctive culinary identity of Bugis traditional foods. The study demonstrates that plant utilization in Bugis cuisine extends beyond nutritional purposes and reflects the close relationship between ethnobotanical knowledge, cultural heritage, and community identity. This documentation contributes to the preservation of Bugis culinary heritage and provides valuable baseline information for future ethnobotanical research in Malaysia.
Copyright (c) 2026 ROSDIANA YANDRE, JURRY FOO, FADZILAH AG KANAK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ACCEPTANCE OF BORNEO (DAYAK) TRADITIONAL FOOD AMONG YOUTH IN SELANGOR
This study looks at the understanding and acceptance of traditional Dayak meals among Selangor youngsters. Sarawak, also known as Bumi Kenyalang, has a rich cultural diversity, with 27 ethnic groups, including the Iban, who make substantial contributions to the state's culinary legacy. Despite growing concerns about nutrition, health, and safety, there has been little extensive research of ethnic foods in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to explore knowledge and discuss what factors influence traditional Dayak food among youth in Selangor. To discover more concerning this study, qualitative research involving 10 respondents had been interviewed. The study found that, while there is a general awareness of Dayak cuisine, deeper understanding and involvement are limited. Health beliefs, peer influence, social media, and cultural events all have an impact on acceptability, with social media having an especially important role in promoting Dayak food among young. The findings highlight the importance of educational programs, social media involvement, and cultural events in promoting and preserving Dayak culinary traditions. This study provides researchers and stakeholders with useful information into consumer behaviour towards Dayak food and ideas for preserving its cultural importance.
Copyright (c) 2025 PUTERA MOHD NAIM NORSALIM, ISMAIL A, CHE ZULKARNAIN C A Z https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TASTE OF TRADITION: UNDERSTANDING KADAZANDUSUN CULINARY PRACTICE, FOCUS ON NONSOOM BAMBANGAN
The Kadazandusun people, the largest indigenous bumiputera group in Sabah, are a blend of the Kadazan and Dusun ethnicities, known as “Mamasok” or “Pasok” meaning “original people”. This research study investigates their traditional food, Noonsom Bambangan, focusing on culinary knowledge specific to the west coast of Sabah, particularly in Kota Belud. The research aims to identify traditional food knowledge among the Kadazandusun and explore factors influencing the consumption of Noonsom Bambangan. Qualitative methods, including interviews the local residents of Kota Belud who are 20 years old up to 70 years old will be selected for this interview, four Informant Profile and observations with local residents, were employed for data collection and analysis. The Research Objective to identify the knowledge on traditional food of Kadazandusun, especially Noonsom Bambangan, among residents in Kota Belud, Sabah. To investigate the factors that influence the consumption of traditional Kadazandusun food, which is Noonsom Bambangan.
Copyright (c) 2025 FARIDAH HANIM ISMAIL, WAHYU TRI HASTININGSIH, A ANDITHA SARI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NAVIGATING STRESS IN HOSPITALITY: A THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SELF-COPING MECHANISMS AMONG MALAYSIAN HOTEL EMPLOYEES
The hospitality industry is recognized as a high-stress environment, where employees frequently face emotional labor, demanding workloads, and constant guest interactions. With employees at the core of hospitality operation, understanding how they manage their well-being through effective coping strategies become a crucial concern. This study explores self-coping mechanisms among hotel employees in Malaysia. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 hotel employees from four-and five-star hotels in Malaysia. Thematic analysis was employed to identify themes and subthemes in self-coping mechanism. Four primary themes emerged: recreational activities, social system, time management, and emotional regulation. The findings suggest that these coping strategies not only enhance individual well-being but also contribute to organizational resilience, as employees maintain performance and adaptability in a demanding work environment. The study contributes theoretically by extending literature in hospitality human resources and practically by providing insights for human resources mental illness intervention strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 NURFATIHAH MAZLAN, NORZUWANA SUMARJAN, NUR IZZATI SHAHARUDDIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSING FOOD WASTE BEHAVIOUR AMONG THE COMMUNITY OF PULAU TUBA, LANGKAWI
It has been acknowledged that tourist destinations worldwide face significant issues related to food waste, which comes most from the hospitality sector. Meanwhile, Pulau Tuba, a small island located off the west coast of Langkawi, is a relatively lesser-known destination renowned for its natural beauty and might face a similar issue when the industrial players start to come in. Thus, this study aims to investigate the food waste behaviour of its community by applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) prior to any future developments to accommodate the needs of the tourism industry in Pulau Tuba. A self-administered questionnaire was conveniently distributed to respondents at four identified locations in Pulau Tuba. The data were then analysed using SPSS (ver. 26) software. The findings reveal no significant correlation between subjective norms and perceived behavioural control towards food waste behaviour. On the other hand, Pearson correlation analysis shows that attitude has a significant positive correlation towards food waste behaviour. Consequently, attitude is shown to be the only predictor that influences food waste behaviour. The findings of this study can benefit the local authority in monitoring and conducting food waste awareness among the Pulau Tuba community. In addition, the outcome of the study can help the authorities and the community prepares the necessary measures to receive the influx of tourists whilst ensuring the sustainability of Pulau Tuba as one of Malaysia’s tourist attractions.
Copyright (c) 2025 ZURAINI MAT ISSA, MAIMUNAH MUSTAKIM, ZAMLI M I, ZAHA Z B M, AHMAD N, MOHD ALIFF ABDUL MAJID https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FROM FARM TO FORK: HOW BLOCKCHAIN ENSURES FOOD SECURITY AND TRUST
The foodservice industry faces significant challenges in ensuring food safety, quality, and transparency across complex supply chains. Thus, blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary tool to address these issues by providing a decentralized, immutable ledger for tracking food products from farm to table. This paper explores the role of blockchain in food quality assurance and control, emphasizing its ability to enhance traceability, prevent fraud, and improve regulatory compliance. By securing real-time, tamper-proof records, blockchain fosters trust among consumers and industry stakeholders while reducing inefficiencies in food supply management. Through the literature review, this paper examines the application of blockchain in global food supply chains, showcasing its effectiveness in improving product traceability and safety. Despite its potential, blockchain adoption faces challenges, with high implementation costs, regulatory uncertainties, and technical barriers. An implementation framework outlining key phases, from initiation to full integration, offering strategic insights for businesses and policymakers was presented. As blockchain evolve, industry collaboration, regulatory support, and technological advancements will be crucial in overcoming barriers and maximizing its impact on food quality assurance. This paper underscores the need for further research to optimize blockchain's scalability and long-term sustainability in foodservice applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 ZUKI M S M, MIOR MOHAMAD AHNAF MIOR FARIDALATHRASH, CHEMAH TAMBY CHIK, ASLINDA MOHD SHAHRIL, CUCU CAHYANA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NAVIGATING THE AI-DRIVEN TRANSFORMATION OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS IN SABAH PUBLIC SECTOR: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly reshaping public sector employment relations globally, yet evidence from subnational jurisdictions within developing federations remains limited. Sabah, Malaysia, has embarked on an ambitious digital transformation agenda that includes integrating AI into civil service. However, the nature and extent of AI’s impact on employment relations, particularly management authority, employee voice, and workplace governance, have not been systematically examined. This preliminary scoping review synthesises available evidence on how AI adoption is transforming employment relations in Sabah’s public sector and identifies the main challenges, opportunities, and strategic adaptation pathways reported in the literature. Studies and credible grey literature published in English or Malay between 1 January 2020 and 1 May 2026 were included if they addressed AI deployment and workforce or employment relations implications within Sabah’s public sector. Documents focusing solely on technical AI architecture without workforce implications were excluded. Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Malaysian institutional repositories, and government portals were systematically searched. A customised extraction form recorded bibliographic details, study context, AI technologies, employment relations dimensions, and key qualitative findings. Data were synthesised using Braun and Clarke’s reflexive thematic analysis. Seventeen sources met the inclusion criteria. Three overarching themes were developed: (1) AI-Induced Reconfiguration of Public Service Work Design, encompassing job displacement concerns, task augmentation, and emerging competency requirements; (2) Algorithmic Governance and the Shifting Employment Relationship, including algorithmic management, procedural justice concerns, and technostress; and (3) Strategic Adaptation Through Institutional Capacity Building, covering training initiatives, social dialogue, and policy responses. AI transformation in Sabah’s public sector remains nascent and fragmented, with substantial evidence gaps concerning collective bargaining, trade union engagement, and equity outcomes. The findings highlight the need to embed social dialogue and workforce participation within Sabah’s digital transformation agenda to ensure that AI-driven modernisation strengthens rather than weakens public sector employment relations.
Copyright (c) 2026 NUR AMILIAH MOHAMMAD AMMAR, AZIZAN MORSHIDI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SEJARAH LISAN DALAM MEREKONSTRUKSI PENSEJARAHAN MALAYSIA DI LAUT CHINA SELATAN: ANTARA RUANG DAN POTENSI
Perkembangan disiplin ilmu sejarah buat sekian lama memusatkan perbahasannya kepada falsafah “no document, no history” sebagai wadah merealisasikan penulisan sejarah “seperti sebenarnya berlaku”. Walhal, usaha mendekati realiti ini tidak ditentukan oleh “bentuk sumber”, tetapi “sifat sumber” serta kebijaksanaan sejarawan dalam memaknakan sesuatu peristiwa sejarah. Dalam makna lain, sejarah lisan juga mampu menghadirkan sumber sejarah yang berwibawa dan mempunyai kesahihan tinggi setaraf dengan sumber dokumen. Malahan, sejarah lisan memungkinkan pendokumentasian fakta baharu serta pelurusan dan pengesahan fakta sedia ada dapat dilakukan oleh sejarawan semasa merekonstruksi sesuatu peristiwa sejarah. Atas kekuatan tersebut, artikel ini bermatlamat (i)mendudukan metod sejarah lisan dalam pengkajian isu tuntutan Laut China Selatan, (ii)mendokumentasikan memori kolektif nelayan tradisi masyarakat Bajau di Laut China Selatan serta (iii)mengemukakan fakta baharu mengenai hubungan interaksi antara masyarakat Malaysia (Sabah) dengan kawasan Laut China Selatan vuat sekian lamanya. Dalam usaha merealisasikan matlamat di atas, kajian ini menggunakan kaedah analisis teks terhadap dokumen kolonial yang tersimpan di Arkib Negara dan Public Record Office serta memori sejarah nelayan tradisi masyarakat Bajau sebagai pelaku sejarah yang bersifat saksi proto. Hasilnya didapati bahawa metod sejarah lisan mendesak untuk diaplikasikan dalam pengkajian isu tuntutan Malaysia di Laut China Selatan kerana memori sejarah nelayan tradisi masyarakat Bajau membuktikan wujudnya interaksi antara masyarakat pesisir Sabah dengan kawasan tersebut, sekali gus menguatkan asas tuntutan Malaysia ke atasnya. The development of the discipline of history has long centred its debate on the philosophy of “no document, no history” as a means of realising historical writing “as it actually happened.” However, the effort to approach this reality is not determined by the “form of the source,” but by the “nature of the source” and the historian’s wisdom in interpreting a historical event. In other words, oral history is also capable of providing authoritative historical sources with a high degree of validity, comparable to documentary sources. Moreover, oral history enables historians to document new facts, as well as to correct and verify existing facts, in the process of reconstructing a historical event. Based on these strengths, this article aims to: (i) position the oral history method within the study of the South China Sea claims issue; (ii) document the collective memory of traditional Bajau fishermen in the South China Sea; and (iii) present new facts regarding the long-standing interactive relationship between Malaysian society in Sabah and the South China Sea area. To achieve these objectives, this study employs textual analysis of colonial documents preserved at the National Archives and the Public Record Office, together with the historical memories of traditional Bajau fishermen as historical actors who function as proto-witnesses. The findings show that the oral history method urgently needs to be applied in the study of Malaysia’s claims in the South China Sea, as the historical memory of traditional Bajau fishermen demonstrates the existence of interaction between the coastal communities of Sabah and the area. This, in turn, strengthens the basis of Malaysia’s claim over it.
Copyright (c) 2026 EKO PRAYITNO JOKO, RAMLI DOLLAH, NORDIN SAKKE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MENELUSURI SEJARAH HAJI ERA KAPAL LAUT MELALUI PENDEKATAN SEJARAH LISAN
Sejarah dan warisan haji era kapal laut merupakan khazanah bangsa dan negara yang cukup lama dan amat bernilai kepada masyarakat. Malang sekali, sejarah dan warisan ini kian hilang seiring dengan hilangnya pelaku sejarah yang merupakan saksi mata tentang peristiwa yang berlaku. Kajian ini bertujuan menyoroti pengkisahan serta memori mereka yang terlibat secara langsung dan tidak langsung dengan hal ehwal haji yang tidak terdapat dalam dokumen-dokumen rasmi. Kajian ini juga akan mengetengahkan peluang serta cabaran yang dihadapi dalam usaha menelusuri sejarah dan warisan haji era kapal laut. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan sejarah lisan, iaitu kaedah temubual separa berstruktur. Responden yang terpilih merupakan mereka yang pernah terlibat secara langsung dan tidak langsung dengan pelaksanaan haji era kapal laut. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kesaksian yang dibuat secara lisan oleh mereka yang terlibat secara langsung dan tidak langsung dengan peristiwa pelaksanaan ibadah haji era pelayaran kapal laut merupakan sumber penting pengetahuan tentang masa lalu yang tidak tercatat dalam dokumen-dokumen rasmi. Ianya juga bertindak sebagai sarana penting bagi memahami nilai, budaya dan pemikiran masyarakat pada zaman yang berbeza. The history and heritage of the Hajj during the sea voyage era constitute a long-standing national treasure that is highly valuable to society. Unfortunately, this history and heritage are gradually disappearing with the passing of historical actors who served as eyewitnesses to the events that took place. This study aims to highlight the narratives and memories of those who were directly and indirectly involved in Hajj affairs, which are not found in official documents. This study also examines the opportunities and challenges encountered in tracing the history and heritage of the Hajj during the sea voyage era. This study employs an oral history approach through semi-structured interviews. The selected respondents consist of individuals who were directly and indirectly involved in the implementation of the Hajj during the sea voyage era. The findings indicate that oral testimonies provided by those directly and indirectly involved in the performance of the Hajj during the sea voyage era constitute an important source of knowledge about the past that is not recorded in official documents. They also serve as an important means of understanding the values, culture, and thinking of society in a different historical period.
Copyright (c) 2026 AIZA MASLAN @ BAHARUDIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HISTORIOGRAFI LISAN MOHD ASRAF HJ ABDUL WAHAB
Penyelidikan melalui sejarah lisan merupakan salah satu medium yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan rekod-rekod sejarah selain daripada sumber primer, sekunder dan tertier. Penulisan ini mengisahkan biografi Tokoh Pejuang Bahasa Sepanjang Hayat yang juga mesra disapa dengan nama Pak Asraf (1927-1999) atau nama penanya iaitu Sasterawijaya dari sudut penulisan sejarah. Anak kelahiran Kampung Assam Jawa, Kuala Selangor ini merupakan seorang pejuang bahasa dalam memperkasa, membina dan mengembangkan kegemilangan karier bahasa Melayu khususnya dari aspek tatabahasa sejak tahun 1950-an hingga tahun 1970-an. Wacana ini dikaji menggunakan metod persejarahan yang berpandukan kepada sumber primer, sekunder, tertier dan lisan. Limitasi penulisan sejarah berkaitan dengan tokoh ini menyebabkan penulis berinisiatif untuk melakukan kajian penyelidikan secara terperinci melibatkan latar belakang hidup, pergerakan-pergerakan dalam pertubuhan perjuangan bahasa dan sumbangan beliau terutama dalam bidang penulisan buku. Selain itu, makalah ini juga dilihat sebagai sinergi kesedaran lokal untuk mengangkat figura ini sebagai salah seorang individu berpengaruh bagi daerah Kuala Selangor. Research through oral history is one of the mediums used in the collection of historical records, in addition to primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. This writing presents the biography of a lifelong language activist, affectionately known as Pak Asraf (1927–1999), or by his pen name, Sasterawijaya, from the perspective of historical writing. Born in Kampung Assam Jawa, Kuala Selangor, he was a language advocate who played an important role in strengthening, developing, and advancing the prestige of the Malay language, particularly in the field of grammar, from the 1950s to the 1970s. This discourse is examined using a historical method based on primary, secondary, tertiary, and oral sources. The limitations in historical writings related to this figure have prompted the author to undertake a detailed research study involving his life background, involvement in language advocacy organisations, and contributions, especially in the field of book writing. In addition, this article is also seen as a form of local awareness synergy aimed at recognising this figure as one of the influential individuals from the district of Kuala Selangor.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOHD HAIDI MOHD KASRAN, ROZEHA HARUN, MOHD HAIRUL IZWAN MOHD KASRAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PENGLIBATAN PEKERJA DALAM KESATUAN SEKERJA: SATU ANALISIS AWAL
Kemasukan buruh asing telah bermula sekitar tahun 1786 dan 1824 dibawah pemerintahan British yang memerlukan tenaga kerja bagi mengusahakan ekonomi di Tanah Melayu pada masa itu. Seterusnya pada tahun 1920-an pergerakan buruh semakin berkembang dengan pembentukan kesatuan sekerja yang membantu ahli mereka daripada ditindas oleh golongan pemodal. Pada masa itu, aktiviti ekonomi perladangan dan perlombongan berkembang pesat sehingga pihak pemodal perlu mengawal lebihan buruh kerana telah mula muncul konflik antara pemodal dan juga tenaga buruh. Sehingga pada awal 1930-an dan perang dunia kedua tercetus, bermula kebangkitan dan kegelisahan buruh di Tanah Melayu. Tambahan lagi, penentangan secara formal berlaku di Malaysia pada tahun 1894 melalui kesatuan sekerja dalam kalangan pekerja kapal Melayu di Semenanjung Malaysia. Oleh itu, artikel ini akan mengupas lebih lanjut mengenai penglibatan pekerja di dalam kesatuan sekerja dengan menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa, perkembangan penubuhan kesatuan sekerja yang paling aktif dicatatkan berlaku pada tahun 1940-an apabila hampir 50 peratus tenaga buruh menjadi ahli kesatuan sekerja. Pada tahun 1946 juga berlaku mogok yang melibatkan hampir 200, 000 pekerja dan menyebabkan aktiviti ekonomi lumpuh. Rentetan daripada kejadian ini, dapat dilihat pada masa kini pemerintah mengawal aktiviti-aktiviti kesatuan sekerja menerusi penguatkuasaan undang-undang pekerjaan termasuk dengan pengenalan dasar perburuhan. The entry of foreign labour began around 1786 and 1824 under British rule, when labour was needed to develop the economy of Malaya at that time. Subsequently, in the 1920s, the labour movement continued to grow with the formation of trade unions, which helped protect their members from oppression by capital owners. During that period, plantation and mining economic activities expanded rapidly, prompting capital owners to control the surplus labour force as conflicts began to emerge between capital owners and workers. By the early 1930s, and with the outbreak of the Second World War, labour unrest and mobilisation began to rise in Malaya. In addition, formal resistance in Malaysia began in 1894 through a trade union among Malay ship workers in Peninsular Malaysia. Therefore, this article further examines workers’ involvement in trade unions using the content analysis method. The findings show that the most active development in the establishment of trade unions was recorded in the 1940s, when nearly 50 per cent of the labour force became members of trade unions. In 1946, a strike involving nearly 200,000 workers also took place, causing economic activities to come to a standstill. As a result of these events, it can be seen that, at present, the government controls trade union activities through the enforcement of employment laws, including the introduction of labour policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 NURUL FADILAH AHMAD, KEE Y SABARIAH KEE MOHD YUSSOF https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE WAR GOES ON: PENELITIAN TERHADAP TRANSKRIP RUNDINGAN BALING, 28 DAN 29 DISEMBER 1955
Artikel ini meneliti transkrip Rundingan Baling pada 28 hingga 29 Disember 1955 berikutan usaha kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu dalam menamatkan darurat. Pengampunan kepada pengganas komunis diumumkan pada 8 September 1955 sejurus kemenangan Parti Perikatan dalam Pilihan raya Umum 1955. Usaha yang dilakukan oleh pihak kerajaan telah membawa kepada pertemuan wakil komunis iaitu Chin Peng, Chen Tien dan Rashid Maidin bersama Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tan Cheng Lock serta David Marshall. Baling English School, menjadi tempat pertemuan antara wakil kerajaan dan Parti Komunis Malaya (PKM). Perbincangan artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan sejarah yang merujuk kepada wawancara bersama informan terpilih, Rekod Arkib Negara Malaysia, akhbar dan dokumen sekunder yang lain. Hasil penelitian penulis, mendapati terdapat sebanyak 308 soal jawab yang melibatkan komunikasi di antara wakil kerajaan dan PKM sepanjang tempoh rundingan selama dua hari. Walaupun, Rundingan Baling tidak berjaya membawa kepada pembubaran PKM seperti mana yang dihasratkan oleh Tunku Abdul Rahman namun menjadi detik penting dan bermakna dalam sejarah negara. Kredibiliti dan ketegasan Tunku Abdul Rahman yang tidak berkompromi dengan wakil PKM menunjukkan sifat terpuji negarawan tersohor. This article examines the transcript of the Baling Talks held from 28 to 29 December 1955, following the efforts of the Government of the Federation of Malaya to end the Emergency. An amnesty for communist terrorists was announced on 8 September 1955, shortly after the victory of the Alliance Party in the 1955 General Election. The government’s initiative led to a meeting between communist representatives, namely Chin Peng, Chen Tien and Rashid Maidin, and Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tan Cheng Lock and David Marshall. Baling English School became the venue for the meeting between representatives of the government and the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). This article adopts a historical approach, drawing on interviews with selected informants, records from the National Archives of Malaysia, newspapers and other secondary documents. The author’s analysis found that there were 308 question-and-answer exchanges involving communication between representatives of the government and the MCP throughout the two-day negotiation period. Although the Baling Talks did not succeed in bringing about the dissolution of the MCP, as intended by Tunku Abdul Rahman, they remain an important and meaningful moment in the nation’s history. The credibility and firmness of Tunku Abdul Rahman, who refused to compromise with the MCP representatives, demonstrated the admirable qualities of a distinguished statesman.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOHAMED ALI HANIFFA, MOHD KASRI SAIDON, ZOLKEFLI BAHADOR, SHARIFAH ISMAIL https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASAL USUL NAMA TEMPAT DI DAERAH SIK, KEDAH
Sejarah tempatan merujuk kepada kajian sejarah sesebuah daerah, mukim atau kampung di Malaysia. Walaupun terdapat beberapa penulisan tentang kawasan tertentu seperti Kuala Lumpur, Klang, Tanjung Malim, Kampung Baru, Sabak Bernam, Muar dan Batu Pahat, jumlah kajian sejarah tempatan masih kecil berbanding bilangan keseluruhan daerah, bandar, mukim dan kampung di negara ini. Oleh itu, masih banyak kawasan tempatan yang perlu dikaji dan didokumentasikan. Kajian ini menumpukan kepada daerah Sik, Kedah, iaitu daerah terbesar di negeri Kedah dengan keluasan 1,635 kilometer persegi atau 17.35 peratus daripada keluasan negeri tersebut. Kajian ini merupakan kajian awal tentang asal-usul nama daerah Sik dan beberapa kampung terpilih berdasarkan cerita lisan penduduk setempat. Sejarah lisan digunakan sebagai kaedah utama kerana ia berperanan penting dalam merakam pengalaman, peristiwa dan maklumat masa lalu yang masih tersimpan dalam ingatan individu. Kaedah pengumpulan data melibatkan temu bual dengan 10 orang responden serta penelitian terhadap sumber bertulis berkaitan sejarah kampung-kampung terpilih di Sik. Proses penyelidikan meliputi tiga tahap utama, iaitu pengumpulan data, pengklasifikasian maklumat mengikut kampung, dan penganalisisan data. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa nama-nama tempat yang dikaji masih digunakan hingga kini dan mempunyai kaitan rapat dengan latar geografi Sik yang kaya dengan hutan, aktiviti masyarakat setempat, serta corak kehidupan kampung. Kajian ini juga mendapati bahawa asal-usul nama tempat mencerminkan hubungan antara manusia, alam sekitar dan sejarah sosial masyarakat setempat. Kajian ini wajar diperluaskan ke seluruh daerah Sik kerana masih banyak tempat yang belum dikaji asal-usul namanya. Usaha mendokumentasikan sumber lisan amat penting kerana dokumen sejarah boleh kekal, tetapi individu yang menyimpan memori sejarah tidak akan kekal selama-lamanya. Local history refers to the history of a particular district, sub-district, or village in a country. Although several studies have been written on places such as Kuala Lumpur, Klang, Tanjung Malim, Kampung Baru, Sabak Bernam, Muar, and Batu Pahat, the number of local history studies remains relatively small compared with the total number of districts, towns, sub-districts, and villages in Malaysia. Therefore, many areas of local history still need to be studied and documented. This study focuses on Sik District in Kedah, the largest district in the state, covering 1,635 square kilometres, or 17.35 per cent of Kedah’s total area. It is a preliminary study of the origins of the name Sik and selected village names in the district, based mainly on oral accounts from local residents. Oral history is used as an important method because it helps record past experiences, events, and information that remain preserved in individual memory. Data were collected through interviews with 10 respondents and through a review of written sources related to the history of selected villages in Sik. The research process involved three main stages: data collection, classification of information according to the selected villages, and data analysis. The findings show that the selected place names studied are still used today and are closely related to Sik’s geographical background, which is marked by extensive forested areas, the activities of the local community, and the pattern of village life. The origins of these place names reflect the relationship between people, the natural environment, and the social history of the local community. This study should be expanded to cover more places throughout Sik District, as many place names in the area have yet to be examined. Documenting oral sources is important because historical documents may remain permanently, but the individuals who experienced and remember historical events will not remain forever.
Copyright (c) 2026 NOR AZLAH SHAM RAMBELY, ZEETY KARTINI ABDUL HAMID https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CERMINAN KONSEP NILAI KEJUJURAN DARIPADA PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM DALAM CERITA PAK KADOK
Makalah ini menelusuri cerminan konsep nilai kejujuran daripada perspektif hukum Islam dalam cerita Pak Kadok. Konsep kejujuran merupakan perilaku terpuji dan menjadi tunjang dari sebuah kebahagiaan dalam segala aktiviti sehari-harian. Oleh itu, sikap kejujuran merupakan salah satu sifat utama Nabi Muhammad SAW dan seseorang yang mengamalkan sikap mulia ini akan mendapat kepercayaan dan kemuliaan di sisi Allah SWT serta masyarakat. Di samping itu, cerita lisan merupakan wahana hiburan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai aktiviti pada waktu lapang dalam kalangan masyarakat dan salah satunya ialah cerita Pak Kadok yang sememangnya popular di Malaysia. Walaupun cerita Pak Kadok memperlihatkan tentang sikap kebodohan, namun disebalik sikap itu masih memiliki kejujuran melalui perbuatan dan percakapan dalam kehidupannya sehari-harian. Oleh hal yang demikian, sikap kejujuran yang dimiliki oleh watak Pak Kadok sewajarnya diangkat ke dalam bentuk penyampaian cerita lisan kepada golongan kanak-kanak, remaja dan dewasa pada hari ini kerana mereka lebih terikut dengan budaya luar. Lantaran itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti dan menganalisis konsep nilai kejujuran daripada perspektif hukum Islam dalam cerita Pak Kadok serta dianalisis dengan pendekatan kemasyarakatan. Selanjutnya, reka bentuk kajian ini ialah bersifat kualitatif yang bertunjangkan kaedah kepustakaan dan teks serta pendekatan kemasyarakatan dijadikan sebagai deduktif kajian secara khusus. Justeru, penyelidikan ini telah membuktikan bahawa penyampaian cerita Pak Kadok sewajarnya dijadikan medium pendidikan kepada golongan kanak-kanak, remaja dan dewasa pada hari ini kerana kaya dengan cerminan sikap kejujuran serta sebagai medium untuk membentuk moral positif dalam kalangan masyarakat. This paper explores the reflection of the concept of the value of honesty from the perspective of Islamic law in Pak Kadok story. The concept of honesty is a commendable behavior and becomes the backbone of happiness in all day-to-day activities. Therefore, the attitude of honesty is one of the main characteristics of the Prophet Muhammad SAW and a person who practices this noble attitude will gain trust and glory in the eyes of Allah SWT and society. In addition, oral stories are a means of entertainment that can be used as leisure activities among the community and one of them is Pak Kadok story which is very popular in Malaysia. Although Pak Kadok story shows an attitude of stupidity, behind that attitude he still has honesty through his actions and conversations in his daily life. Therefore, the honesty possessed by Pak Kadok character should be taken into the form of delivering oral stories to children, teenagers and adults today because they are more influenced by outside culture. Therefore, this study aims to identify and analyze the concept of the value of honesty from the perspective of Islamic law in Pak Kadok story and analyzed with a societal approach. Furthermore, the design of this study is qualitative based on library and text methods as well as the community approach used as a deductive study specifically. Thus, this research has proven that the presentation of Pak Kadok story should be used as a medium of education for children, teenagers and adults today because it is rich in the reflection of honesty and as a medium to form positive morals in the community.
Copyright (c) 2026 TUAN SITI NURUL SUHADAH TUAN ADNAN, MOHD FIRDAUS CHE YAACOB https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PENGARUH PENDIDIKAN TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KESEDARAN BERKAITAN KESETARAAN GENDER DALAM KALANGAN WANITA DI MALAYSIA (1963-2023)
Pendidikan untuk wanita pada satu ketika dahulu bukanlah menjadi satu keutamaan untuk dipenuhi dan situasi ini adalah disebabkan oleh stigma yang meletakkan kaum wanita sentiasa berada di belakang kaum lelaki. Hal ini tidak menghairankan kerana sistem patriarki yang menebal dalam masyarakat pada waktu itu meletakkan kepentingan untuk menyediakan pendidikan dengan tumpuan hanya kepada kanak-kanak lelaki. Pada era imperialisme British di Tanah Melayu misalannya, pendidikan untuk wanita berkembang dalam kadar yang sangat perlahan, biarpun terdapat usaha untuk meningkatkan kesedaran tentang pentingnya pendidikan untuk kanak-kanak perempuan namun kalangan ibu bapa tidak begitu menyokong konsep ini. Ketidakadilan gender adalah satu bentuk diskriminasi yang telah berlaku sejak sekian lama dan mendatangkan dampak terutamanya melibatkan hak kaum wanita dan kanak-kanak perempuan. Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat yang telah termaktub pada tahun 1948 mengisytiharkan hak sama rata antara wanita dan lelaki yang terkandung di dalamnya tanpa sebarang perbezaan. Ikon pendidikan wanita seperti Ibu Zain, Lily Eberwein yang mewakili generasi wanita sebelum merdeka merupakan antara tokoh terawal yang menggerakkan usaha memberikan pendidikan kepada kaum wanita dan kanak-kanak perempuan. Permasalahan yang mendasari penyelidikan ini adalah berkaitan dengan pengaruh pendidikan untuk membawa kesedaran tentang kesetaraan gender dalam kalangan wanita di Malaysia dari perspektif sejarah serta dinamika perkembangan pendidikan untuk kaum wanita dan kanak-kanak perempuan di Malaysia. Penyelidik menggunakan kualitatif dengan mengadaptasi kajian kepustakaan dan wawancara bersama informan dalam pengumpulan data serta kritikan sumber dan analisis kandungan untuk proses analisis data. Dapatan awal penyelidikan menunjukkan tahap kesedaran berkaitan kesetaraan gender dalam kalangan wanita telah memperlihatkan perubahan yang signifikan terutamanya selepas pembentukan Malaysia pada tahun 1963. Kedudukan kaum wanita menjadi lebih baik jika dibandingkan sewaktu era penjajahan British di negara kita. Bidang pendidikan mempunyai potensi untuk memainkan peranan penting dalam mencapai kesaksamaan gender seperti yang didokumentasikan dalam laporan tahunan oleh UNESCO yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2015 yang bertemakan “Education for All”. Education for women at one time was not a priority to be fulfilled and this situation is due to the stigma that puts women always behind men. This is not surprising because the patriarchal system that thickened in society at that time placed importance on providing education with a focus only on boys. During the era of British imperialism in Malaya, for example, education for women developed at a very slow rate, although there were efforts to raise awareness of the importance of education for girls, but parents did not really support this concept. Gender injustice is a form of discrimination that has been happening for a long time and has an impact especially involving the rights of women and girls. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights which was written in 1948 declared equal rights between women and men contained in it without any difference. Women's education icons such as Ibu Zain, Lily Eberwein who represent the generation of women before independence were among the earliest figures who mobilized efforts to provide education to women and girls. The problem underlying this research is related to the influence of education to bring awareness about gender equality among women in Malaysia from a historical perspective as well as the dynamics of the development of education for women and girls in Malaysia. The researcher used a qualitative method by adapting the literature review method and also interviews with informants in the data collection process as well as source criticism and content analysis for the data analysis process. The initial findings of the research show that the level of awareness related to gender equality among women has shown a significant change especially after the formation of Malaysia in 1963. The position of women has become better when compared to the era of British colonialism in our country. The field of education has the potential to play an important role in achieving gender equality as documented in the annual report by UNESCO published in 2015 with the theme “Education for All”.
Copyright (c) 2026 EMMA TINGKAS, MAUREEN DE SILVA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MEDIA SOSIAL SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF SUMBER KAJIAN LISAN: SATU TINJAUAN AWAL
Media sosial adalah media online yang membolehkan pengguna untuk berkomunikasi, berinteraksi, dan berkongsi informasi dengan orang lain. Media sosial terdapat dalam pelbagai bentuk antaranya blog, jejaring sosial, wiki, forum, akhbar online dan dunia virtual. Media sosial memiliki ciri yang membolehkan setiap orang melibatkan diri, memberi komen serta mencipta isi media tersebut. Media sosial juga adalah sebagai perantaraan atau saluran komunikasi yang dapat menyampaikan maklumat kepada orang ramai dalam masa yang cepat. Segala maklumat dan topik hanya perlu dicari pada hujung jari dan memudahkan setiap orang untuk mendapatkan maklumat dan jawapan. Kajian ini cuba melihat penggunaan media sosial sebagai alternatif sumber bagi melengkapkan kajian berbentuk sejarah lisan. Sejarah Lisan merupakan salah satu kaedah yang digunakan dalam penyelidikan sejarah bagi mendapatkan dan mengesahkan kebenaran sesuatu fakta sejarah yang diperolehi. Ianya merupakan satu kaedah yang bertujuan untuk memelihara pengetahuan sejarah melalui pengkisahan. Kaedah sejarah lisan melibatkan proses wawancara dan merakam ke dalam pita tentang keterangan-keterangan orang yang mengetahui sesuatu peristiwa sejarah, samaada melalui penglibatannya secara langsung dalam peristiwa itu atau sekadar menyaksikannya sahaja. Sehubungan itu objektif kajian ini adalah untuk meneliti sumber media sosial sebagai dapatan bagi sumber lisan dalam sesuatu peristiwa sejarah, dan sejauh manakah dapatan ini dapat diterima dalam konteks kaedah sejarah lisan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan penyelidik sejarah boleh menggunakan media sosial secara berkesan sebagai salah satu sumber dapatan dalam pengkajian sejarah lisan. Namun para penyelidik perlu memastikan bahawa nilai-nilai etika dan budaya yang terlibat dipatuhi secara jujur bagi memastikan kesahan dan kebenaran sesuatu peristiwa sejarah. Social media is an online medium that allows users to communicate, interact, and share information with others. Social media comes in various forms including blogs, social networks, wikis, forums, online newspapers, and virtual worlds. Social media has characteristics that enable everyone to participate, comment, and create content. It also acts as an intermediary or communication channel that can convey information to the public quickly. All information and topics can be accessed at one's fingertips, making it easy for everyone to obtain information and answers. This study attempts to examine the use of social media as an alternative source to complement oral history research. Oral history is a method used in historical research to obtain and verify the truth of historical facts. It is a method aimed at preserving historical knowledge through storytelling. The oral history method involves interviewing and recording on tape the testimonies of people who know about a historical event, either through direct involvement in the event or by merely witnessing it. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine social media sources as findings for oral sources in a historical event and to what extent these findings can be accepted in the context of the oral history method. The results of the study indicate that historical researchers can effectively use social media as one of the sources in oral history research. However, researchers must ensure that the ethical and cultural values involved are adhered to honestly to ensure the validity and truth of a historical event.
Copyright (c) 2026 NOR AZLAH SHAM RAMBELY, NAIZATUL AKMA MOHD MOKHTAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DARURAT DI TANAH MELAYU, 1948-1960: PENELITIAN AWAL BERDASARKAN LAPORAN AKHBAR NANYANG SIANG PAU
Artikel ini membincangkan mengenai corak kehidupan masyarakat Cina di Tanah Melayu berikutan pengisytiharan darurat pada tahun 1948 hingga 1960. Pendudukan Jepun di Tanah Melayu menimbulkan prasangka dan keruncingan hubungan etnik. Hal yang demikian diterjemahkan dalam bentuk pergaduhan di antara orang Melayu dan Cina apabila tentera Jepun menyerah kalah. Parti Komunis Malaya yang mahu mengambil tampuk pemerintahan mula bertindak zalim dan melakukan keganasan di Tanah Melayu. Penelitian makalah ini ialah terhadap berita yang dilaporkan oleh akhbar Nanyang Siang Pau yang mula diterbitkan selepas Perang Dunia Kedua. Akhbar tersebut merupakan medium penting bercorak harian dan melaporkan keadaan semasa yang banyak melibatkan etnik Cina. Di samping itu, corak kehidupan masyarakat Cina dan usaha yang dilakukan oleh kerajaan dalam pembanterasan komunis turut diteliti. Perbincangan artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan sejarah yang merujuk kepada rekod Arkib Negara Malaysia, akhbar Nanyang Siang Pau dan dokumen sekunder yang lain. Di samping itu, wawancara bersama informan juga turut digunakan. Hasil penelitian mendapati bahawa akhbar Nanyang Siang Pau menjadi salah satu saluran penting dan bermakna dalam merekodkan serta memberikan maklumat kepada masyarakat Cina ketika berlaku peristiwa darurat di Tanah Melayu. This article discusses the patterns of life of the Chinese community in Malaya following the declaration of the Emergency from 1948 to 1960. The Japanese occupation of Malaya created suspicion and heightened ethnic tensions. This situation was reflected in clashes between the Malays and the Chinese after the Japanese forces surrendered. The Malayan Communist Party, which sought to take control of the government, began to act cruelly and carry out acts of violence in Malaya. This article examines news reports published by Nanyang Siang Pau, a newspaper that began publication after the Second World War. The newspaper was an important daily medium that reported current developments, many of which involved the Chinese community. In addition, the article also examines the living patterns of the Chinese community and the efforts undertaken by the government to combat communism. The discussion in this article adopts a historical approach by referring to records from the National Archives of Malaysia, Nanyang Siang Pau newspaper reports, and other secondary documents. Interviews with informants are also used. The findings show that Nanyang Siang Pau served as one of the important and meaningful channels for recording and providing information to the Chinese community during the Emergency in Malaya.
Copyright (c) 2026 LAI YAN LIN, MOHAMED ALI HANIFFA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STRATEGI INTEGRASI NILAI TRADISIONAL DAN KEHIDUPAN MODEN DALAM KALANGAN BELIA DI KOTA MARUDU
Kajian ini meneliti strategi integrasi nilai tradisional dan kehidupan moden dalam kalangan belia di Kota Marudu dengan memberi tumpuan kepada pendidikan budaya, penyertaan strategik belia, peranan NGO dan ekosistem sokongan institusi. Kajian ini memusatkan analisis kepada bentuk tindakan integratif yang berpotensi menghubungkan sekolah, komuniti, media digital dan institusi adat. Kajian menggunakan pendekatan kaedah campuran yang melibatkan 100 responden belia, 12 temu bual mendalam dan tujuh sesi perbincangan kumpulan fokus. Dapatan menunjukkan 42.0% responden menilai penekanan MAN dalam kurikulum pada tahap sederhana, namun 81.0% setuju atau sangat setuju bahawa belia perlu memainkan peranan dalam organisasi MAN. Sebanyak 84.0% pula bersetuju bahawa NGO atau pertubuhan belia boleh membantu penglibatan belia dalam MAN, manakala 44.0% memilih gabungan latihan kepimpinan, dokumentasi dan kem latihan belia sebagai program yang sesuai. Dapatan kualitatif menunjukkan pendidikan formal masih minimum, pendidikan tidak formal kekal penting dan belia memerlukan cara penghayatan adat yang lebih serasi dengan media serta gaya hidup semasa. Kajian ini merumuskan bahawa integrasi nilai tradisional dan kehidupan moden perlu dibangunkan sebagai ekosistem berlapis yang menghubungkan pendidikan, komuniti, teknologi digital, penyertaan belia dan sokongan institusi secara berterusan. This study examines strategies for integrating traditional values and modern life among youth in Kota Marudu by focusing on cultural education, strategic youth participation, the role of NGOs and the institutional support ecosystem. The study centres on integrative forms of action that can connect schools, communities, digital media and customary institutions. A mixed-methods approach was employed involving 100 youth respondents, 12 in-depth interviews and seven focus group discussions. The findings show that 42.0% of respondents rated the emphasis on MAN in the curriculum as moderate, yet 81.0% agreed or strongly agreed that youth should play a role in MAN organisations. A total of 84.0% agreed that NGOs or youth organisations could support youth involvement in MAN, while 44.0% selected a combination of leadership training, documentation and youth camps as suitable programmes. Qualitative findings indicate that formal education remains limited, informal education continues to play an important role, and youth require ways of appreciating custom that are more compatible with contemporary media and lifestyles. This study concludes that the integration of traditional values and modern life should be developed as a layered ecosystem that continuously connects education, community, digital technology, youth participation and institutional support.
Copyright (c) 2026 MAIJOL MAHAP, JOHAN JOHNES, ROSAZMAN HUSSIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PENGARUH TEKNOLOGI TERHADAP KONFLIK IDENTITI DAN NILAI TRADISIONAL BELIA DI KOTA MARUDU
Artikel ini menganalisis bagaimana globalisasi dan teknologi membentuk konflik identiti serta mempengaruhi pemeliharaan nilai tradisional dalam kalangan belia di Kota Marudu. Berbeza daripada artikel yang menilai kesedaran institusi atau strategi integrasi, artikel ini menumpukan ekologi digital sebagai medan rundingan identiti. Kajian menggunakan reka bentuk kajian kes dengan pendekatan kaedah campuran yang melibatkan 100 responden belia, 12 temu bual mendalam dan tujuh sesi perbincangan kumpulan fokus. Dapatan menunjukkan 55.0% responden pernah melihat maklumat MAN di media sosial dan 66.0% memberi skor positif bahawa media sosial membantu memahami peranan MAN. Walau bagaimanapun, hanya 38.0% menilai maklumat digital sebagai menarik dan informatif, manakala 22.0% menganggapnya kurang jelas. Sebanyak 44.0% responden mengakui wujud konflik antara undang-undang sivil dan adat, 49.0% menyatakan aktiviti sosial lebih diutamakan berbanding acara adat, tetapi 83.0% bersetuju teknologi boleh mempromosi dan memelihara budaya tempatan. Dapatan kualitatif menunjukkan konflik identiti berlaku pada aras bahasa, gaya hidup, autoriti budaya dan cara belia menilai relevansi adat. Artikel ini merumuskan bahawa teknologi bukan sekadar alat promosi, tetapi medan sosial yang menuntut literasi digital budaya, kawalan mutu kandungan dan naratif adat yang dipimpin oleh belia. This article analyses how globalisation and technology shape identity conflict and influence the preservation of traditional values among youth in Kota Marudu. Unlike articles that assess institutional awareness or integration strategies, this article focuses on the digital ecology as an arena of identity negotiation. The study employed a case study design and a mixed-methods approach involving 100 youth respondents, 12 in-depth interviews and seven focus group discussions. The findings show that 55.0% of respondents had seen information about MAN on social media and 66.0% gave positive scores indicating that social media helped them understand MAN's role. However, only 38.0% regarded digital information as interesting and informative, while 22.0% considered it unclear. A total of 44.0% acknowledged a conflict between civil law and customary law, 49.0% stated that social activities were prioritised over customary events, yet 83.0% agreed that technology could promote and preserve local culture. Qualitative findings indicate that identity conflict occurs through language, lifestyle, cultural authority and the way youth evaluate the relevance of custom. The article concludes that technology is not merely a promotional tool, but a social arena requiring cultural digital literacy, content quality control and youth-led customary narratives.
KESEDARAN DAN PEMAHAMAN BELIA TERHADAP PERANAN MAHKAMAH ANAK NEGERI SABAH DI KOTA MARUDU
Kajian ini meneliti tahap kesedaran dan pemahaman belia terhadap peranan Mahkamah Anak Negeri Sabah (MAN) di Kota Marudu. Fokus utama kajian ialah jurang antara kesedaran permukaan dengan pemahaman fungsional, iaitu sama ada belia hanya mengetahui kewujudan MAN atau benar-benar memahami fungsi, bidang kuasa, saluran rujukan dan kedudukannya sebagai institusi adat. Kajian menggunakan reka bentuk kajian kes dengan pendekatan kaedah campuran yang melibatkan 100 responden belia, 12 temu bual mendalam dan tujuh sesi perbincangan kumpulan fokus. Dapatan menunjukkan 99.0% responden pernah mendengar tentang MAN dan 78.0% berada pada tahap sedar atau sangat sedar terhadap kewujudannya di Kota Marudu. Namun, hanya 58.0% menyatakan maklumat yang diterima membantu mereka memahami undang-undang adat, manakala 45.0% tidak pernah menerima pendedahan tentang undang-undang adat. Sekolah dan universiti menjadi saluran utama pendedahan awal, tetapi pendedahan tersebut masih bersifat umum. Kajian ini merumuskan bahawa kelestarian MAN memerlukan peralihan daripada promosi kesedaran kepada pembinaan literasi institusi adat yang lebih aplikatif, berasaskan senario kes dan dekat dengan pengalaman belia. This study examines youth awareness and understanding of the role of the Sabah Native Court (Mahkamah Anak Negeri, MAN) in Kota Marudu. Its main focus is the gap between surface awareness and functional understanding, namely whether young people merely know of MAN's existence or understand its functions, jurisdiction, access pathways and position as a customary institution. The study employed a case study design and a mixed-methods approach involving 100 youth respondents, 12 in-depth interviews and seven focus group discussions. The findings show that 99.0% of respondents had heard of MAN and 78.0% were aware or highly aware of its existence in Kota Marudu. However, only 58.0% stated that the information they received helped them understand customary law, while 45.0% had never received exposure to customary law. Schools and universities were the dominant channels of early exposure, yet such exposure remained general. This study concludes that the sustainability of MAN requires a shift from awareness promotion to the development of applied, scenario-based and youth-friendly customary institutional literacy.
MODEL-MODEL KONTEKSTUALISASI TEOLOGI STEPHEN B. BEVANS DAN KAITANNYA DENGAN DAKWAH ISLAM: SUATU TINJAUAN AWAL
Kontekstualisasi teologi merupakan pendekatan yang penting dalam memahami bagaimana ajaran teologi dapat diaplikasikan dan relevan dalam berbagai budaya. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi model-model utama kontekstualisasi teologi yang diimplementasikan dalam budaya tertentu. Di samping menjelaskan bagaimana nilai dan praktik keagamaan dapat disesuaikan dengan budaya, keadaan sosial, dan latar belakang masyarakat yang berbeza-beza. Dalam pada itu, pengkaji cuba untuk mengaitkan ia dengan dakwah Islam. Bagi mencapai tujuan tersebut, kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, berdasarkan kepada kaedah perpustakaan dengan menganalisis dokumen seperti artikel, buku, tesis dan bahan rujukan berautoriti yang lain. Hasil kajian ini mendapati, model kontekstualisasi teologi tidak berfokus pada budaya semata-mata tetapi turut melihat aspek lain, seperti keperluan semasa dan permasalahan yang sedang dihadapi. Oleh sebab itu, model kontekstualisasi sememangnya memudahkan penyampaian dan penerimaan pesan teologi dalam kalangan masyarakat dengan menjadikan budaya dan isu yang sedang dihadapi sebagai jembatan untuk menyampaikan pesan teologi. This study aims to explore the main models of theological contextualization implemented in specific cultures. In addition, it explains how religious values and practices can be adapted to different cultures, social conditions, and backgrounds. The study also attempts to relate this to Islamic propagation (dakwah). To achieve this goal, the study uses a qualitative approach, based on library methods by analyzing documents such as articles, books, theses, and other authoritative reference materials. The results of this study found that the model of theological contextualization does not solely focus on culture but also considers other aspects, such as current needs and problems being faced. Therefore, the contextualization model facilitates the delivery and acceptance of theological messages among the community by making culture and current issues a bridge to convey theological messages.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOHAMAD SHAUKHI MOHD RADZI, MOHAMMAD FIRDAUS HASMIN, MOHD SOHAIMI ESA, SYAMSUL AZIZUL MARINSAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DAKWAH KONTEKSTUAL DALAM AKTIVITI SYIAR ISLAM DI KAMPUNG SUNGAI PADANG, PAPAR PADA TAHUN 1973
Makalah ini bertujuan untuk meneliti penganjuran pertandingan Tafsir al-Quran, Syarahan dan Azan yang dianjurkan oleh USIA Cawangan Kampung Sungai Padang, Papar Sabah pada tahun 1973. Objektif utama kajian ini, adalah untuk mengenalpasti elemen-elemen dakwah kontekstual seperti dakwah bil hal (tindakan), bil lisan (perkataan) dan bil qalam (penulisan) yang diterapkan dalam program tersebut. Bagi mencapai tujuan tersebut, pengkaji telah menggunakan kaedah kualitatif berdasarkan kepada analisis dokumen arkib, khususnya Majalah Sinar USIA terbitan tahun 1973. Sehubungan itu, hasil kajian mendapati bahawa penganjuran pertandingan ini sememangnya mengandungi unsur dakwah kontekstual yang komprehensif, iaitu penyampaian mesej Islam yang dilakukan secara bersepadu merangkumi ketiga-tiga elemen dakwah kontekstual tersebut, iaitu dakwah bil hal, bil lisan dan bil qalam. Oleh yang demikian, kajian ini menegaskan bahawa, integrasi elemen kontekstual dalam dakwah sememangnya penting, bagi memastikan mesej Islam dapat disampaikan secara relevan mengikut situasi penerima dakwah (mad’u), agar mesej tersebut dapat diterima dengan baik oleh masyarakat. This paper aims to examine the organization of Al-Quran Interpretation, Public Speaking, and Azan competitions by the USIA Kampung Sungai Padang Branch, Papar, Sabah in 1973. The primary objective of this study is to identify the elements of contextual da’wah, namely da’wah bil hal (action), bil lisan (speech), and bil qalam (writing), integrated within the program. To achieve this, a qualitative method was employed based on archival document analysis, focusing specifically on the 1973 editions of the Sinar USIA Magazine. Consequently, the research findings reveal that the organization of these competitions indeed incorporated comprehensive contextual da’wah elements, where the Islamic message was delivered through an integrated approach encompassing all three elements: da’wah bil hal, bil lisan, and bil qalam. Therefore, this study asserts that the integration of contextual elements in da’wah is essential to ensure that Islamic messages are delivered relevantly according to the situation of the recipients (mad’u), ensuring that such messages are well-received by society.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOHAMAD SHAUKHI MOHD RADZI, MOHAMMAD FIRDAUS HASMIN, SYAMSUL AZIZUL MARINSAH, MOHD SOHAIMI ESA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF TIME MANAGEMENT ON TEACHING EFFECTIVENESS IN HIGHER EDUCATION: STUDENTS’ PERSPECTIVES
This study investigates the impact of time management on teaching effectiveness in higher education from students’ perspectives in Chinese universities. Effective time management has increasingly been recognized as a critical component of successful teaching, as it enables instructors to organize learning activities, allocate sufficient time for key concepts, and create a more engaging and productive classroom environment. Based on a quantitative research design, data were collected from 200 undergraduate students enrolled at Chinese universities through a structured questionnaire. The proposed research model was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS to examine the relationship between time management and teaching effectiveness. The results demonstrate that time management has a significant positive effect on teaching effectiveness, indicating that well-structured lesson planning, appropriate classroom pacing, and efficient use of instructional time enhance students’ perceptions of teaching quality, classroom engagement, and learning outcomes. The findings further suggest that instructors’ ability to effectively organize and manage classroom time plays a crucial role in fostering a supportive learning environment and improving overall instructional performance. This study contributes to the existing literature by emphasizing students’ evaluative perspectives and identifying time management as a key determinant of teaching effectiveness in higher education. The findings also provide practical implications for university administrators and educators by highlighting the importance of strengthening faculty development programs and professional training in time management skills to improve teaching quality and enhance students’ learning experiences.
Copyright (c) 2026 BAI YU, TAN BOOI CHEN, TAN SIOW HOOI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POTENSI TEKNIK MNEMONIK SEBAGAI STRATEGI MENGINGAT FAKTA DALAM MATA PELAJARAN SEJARAH PRA-UNIVERSITI
Mata pelajaran Sejarah di peringkat Pra-Universiti memerlukan pelajar menguasai sejumlah besar fakta seperti tarikh, tokoh, peristiwa serta hubungan sebab dan akibat dalam sesuatu peristiwa sejarah. Walau bagaimanapun, ramai pelajar Pra-Universiti masih menghadapi kesukaran untuk mengingat fakta sejarah yang banyak dan kompleks, khususnya apabila mereka perlu menghubungkan pelbagai peristiwa, tokoh serta faktor yang terlibat dalam sesuatu topik. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti potensi teknik mnemonik sebagai strategi mengingat fakta dalam mata pelajaran Sejarah Pra-Universiti. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan ulasan naratif bagi meneliti dan mensintesis kajian-kajian terdahulu yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan teknik mnemonik dalam pembelajaran. Hasil ulasan naratif telah menemui beberapa potensi teknik mnemonik sebagai strategi mengingat fakta dalam mata pelajaran Sejarah Pra-Universiti, iaitu: (a) meningkatkan keupayaan memproses penyimpanan maklumat dalam memori jangka panjang; (b) mengaktifkan pembelajaran menerusi elemen kreatif dan visual; (c) membantu memahami hubungan dan asosiasi antara fakta sejarah; (d) menstrukturkan maklumat yang kompleks dan segragatif; dan (e) menguatkan motivasi dan keyakinan dalam peperiksaan. Secara keseluruhannya, penggunaan teknik mnemonik didapati berpotensi menjadi strategi pembelajaran yang berkesan dalam membantu pelajar Pra-Universiti mengingat fakta dalam mata pelajaran Sejarah Pra-Universiti. Bagi kajian lanjut, penyelidik dicadangkan agar meneroka penggunaan teknik mnemonik dalam topik sejarah yang berbeza serta mengkaji potensinya melalui pendekatan kajian eksperimen yang melibatkan sampel pelajar yang lebih besar. Pre-University History subjects require students to master a large volume of facts, such as dates, figures, and events, as well as the cause-and-effect relationships within historical occurrences. Nevertheless, many pre-university students still face difficulties in remembering numerous and complex historical facts, particularly when they need to interrelate various events, figures, and factors involved in a specific topic. In this regard, this study was conducted to identify the potential of mnemonic techniques as a strategy for remembering facts in Pre-University History subjects. This research employs a narrative review approach to examine and synthesise previous studies concerning the use of mnemonic techniques in learning. The results of the narrative review identified several potentials of mnemonic techniques as a strategy for remembering facts in Pre-University History subjects, namely: (a) enhancing the capacity for information processing and consolidation within long-term memory; (b) stimulating learning engagement through the integration of creative and visual elements; (c) facilitating a deeper understanding of the interrelationships and associations between historical facts; (d) structuring complex and fragmented information; and (e) bolstering motivation and self-efficacy in examination performance. Overall, the use of mnemonic techniques was found to be a potentially effective learning strategy in assisting pre-university students to remember facts in Pre-University History subjects. For future research, it is suggested that researchers explore the use of mnemonic techniques in different historical topics and examine their potential through an experimental research approach involving a larger sample of students.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOHD AMZARI TUMIRAN, NIK HAZIRA GHAZALI, BATRISYIA HIDAYAH BAHARUDDIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FOOD INSECURITY IN BEANS WITHOUT KOR KOR
Beans without Korkor? written by Ekow Manuar Smith, was the winner of the United Nations’ Economic Commission for Africa short story award in 2021. The story focuses on the Sister Mercy and her five most loyal customers who regularly patronise Mercy’s eatery. The shop serves a famous Ghanaian dish of beans with plantain, known locally as kor kor. When Sister Mercy realises that she has only one piece of plantain to serve to her customers, the adults all scramble to get the piece of plantain, only to face a moment of humility when the youngest customer, Baby Cynthia, decides that they should all share the plantain in the spirit of community togetherness. The third-person narration offers a glimpse of ordinary people in Ghana: the hardworking female business owner, the top government person, the local blue-collar worker, the Latin migrant worker, the Chinese immigrant and the voice of reason, Baby Cynthia, a young girl obsessed with social media. The story exposes readers to themes such as community spirit and cultural continuity through food and traditions, while at the same time emphasises the more serious theme of food insecurity. This paper aims to analyse the satirical elements in the text, such as exaggeration and irony. It also explores the story’s realistic portrayal of food insecurity and its impact on the ordinary Ghanaians. Lastly, the paper examines how these elements are skilfully woven into the story to create a powerful social commentary which goes beyond mere satire.
Copyright (c) 2026 TIRZAH ZUBEIDAH ZACHARIAH, MOHD BAKRI ABU BAKAR, SUZULAIKA MOHAMAD, FAZLINAH SAID https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KINESTHETIC LEARNING STRATEGIES AND VOCABULARY RETENTION: A STUDY OF RURAL UPPER PRIMARY ESL PUPILS
Vocabulary acquisition and retention are still concerning issues for many ESL pupils, especially in rural primary schools. This is due to the passive learning strategies that can lead to disengagement and lack of retention. Upon this problem, a quantitative study, specifically a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design, has been conducted to examine the effects of kinesthetic strategies on vocabulary retention among 13 eleven years old rural upper primary ESL pupils. Besides, this study was implemented to evaluate the use of the strategies that are beneficial to the learning process. The intervention involved the association of physical movement with the meanings of words to aid better cognitive processing and memory recall. Results indicated strong evidence supporting the efficacy of kinesthetics strategies with a significant increase in vocabulary retention with a post-test score of 85% higher than the pre-test baseline. A structured observation checklist was used to illustrate a corresponding increase in both response time and pupils’ engagement. Most notably, the remedial group experienced the greatest improvement, transitioning from low participation to high participation during lessons. Ultimately, the findings of this study indicate that kinesthetic strategies can be an effective, inclusive, engaging and cost-efficient learning experience than can improve pupils’ English language performance in rural areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 AIMI KHAIRIYAH HAMDAN, AZLINA ABDUL AZIZ, HARWATI HASHIM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MALAYSIAN ACTORS AS INFLUENCERS IN INSTAGRAM MARKETING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
This study aims to assess the role of Malaysian actors as social media influencers in Instagram marketing and their influence on consumer behavior, especially among Generation Z. This study uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach guided by the PRISMA framework by analyzing 12 relevant articles from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The study findings show that the main factors that influence the effectiveness of influencers include credibility (trust and expertise), attractiveness, compatibility between influencers and products, and technological factors such as perceived usefulness and ease of use. In addition, influencers also play a role as social and cultural agents that shape consumer identity, perception and purchasing decisions. The importance of this study lies in its contribution to a deeper understanding of the integration between source credibility theory and technology acceptance models in the context of digital marketing. This study also provides practical implications for the marketing industry in selecting more strategic influencers and assisting policymakers in formulating guidelines related to the use of influencers. In terms of new knowledge, this study emphasizes the specific role of Malaysian actors as hybrid influencers who combine the characteristics of celebrities and digital influencers in the Instagram ecosystem. Overall, this study concludes that influencers play an important role in shaping consumer behavior in the growing era of the digital economy.
Copyright (c) 2026 ZULQARNAIN ABU HASSAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATING THEMATIC PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES AND GROUP WORK MANAGEMENT ON COLLABORATION SKILLS AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Collaboration is a key skill in early childhood education. Although Malaysia's National Preschool Standard Curriculum (KSPK) highlights social skills, further evidence is needed to support its teaching methods, thematic integration, and classroom management strategies. This study investigates the relationship between Thematic Pedagogical Strategies, Group Work Management, and Children’s Collaboration Skills among preschools in a selected district in Selangor. Utilizing a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 95 preschool teachers selected through simple random sampling. The instrument comprised 20 items measured on a 7-point Likert scale, validated by a panel of three doctoral-level experts. The instrument demonstrated superior internal consistency, with an overall Cronbach’s Alpha of .957. Descriptive analysis revealed "Very High" levels of thematic strategies (xˉ=5.82) and group work management (xˉ=5.95), alongside "Extremely High" levels of children’s collaboration (xˉ=6.12). Inferential results indicated significant positive correlations for both thematic strategies (r=.672, p<.01) and group work management (r=.760, p<.01). Notably, Multiple Regression analysis identified Group Work Management as the dominant predictor of collaboration (β=.712, p<.001), explaining 57.8% of the total variance (R2=.578). The findings conclude that while thematic content provides a necessary cognitive context, the structural management of group activities is the primary engine for social development. The study suggests that high academic qualifications among educators effectively bridge the experience gap, ensuring quality pedagogical implementation. These results advocate for specialized professional development focusing on group dynamics and duration management to further enhance early childhood social competencies.
Copyright (c) 2026 SITI NUR NADIRAH IBRAHIM, SYED LAMSAH SYED CHEAR, YES MATHEOS LASARUS MALAIKOSA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HUBUNGAN PENGGUNAAN INSTAGRAM TERHADAP PENGHARGAAN KENDIRI, KEMURUNGAN DAN KESUNYIAN DALAM KALANGAN BELIA DI SABAH
Perkembangan pesat teknologi komunikasi dan media sosial telah mengubah corak interaksi sosial dalam kalangan masyarakat moden, khususnya golongan belia. Instagram merupakan salah satu platform media sosial yang paling popular dalam kalangan belia kerana ciri visual dan interaktif yang ditawarkan. Walau bagaimanapun, peningkatan penggunaan Instagram turut menimbulkan kebimbangan terhadap kesannya terhadap kesejahteraan psikologikal pengguna. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti hubungan antara penggunaan Instagram dengan penghargaan kendiri, kemurungan dan kesunyian dalam kalangan belia di negeri Sabah. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan melibatkan seramai 455 responden berumur antara 18 hingga 30 tahun. Instrumen kajian terdiri daripada Instagram Intensity Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) dan UCLA Loneliness Scale. Data dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan inferensi melalui ujian korelasi Pearson. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat hubungan signifikan antara penggunaan Instagram dengan penghargaan kendiri dan kemurungan. Walau bagaimanapun, tiada hubungan signifikan ditemui antara penggunaan Instagram dengan kesunyian. Kajian ini memberi implikasi penting terhadap pemahaman kesan media sosial terhadap kesihatan mental belia serta keperluan kepada intervensi yang lebih berkesan dalam mengawal penggunaan media sosial. The rapid development of communication technology and social media has transformed social interaction patterns, particularly among youth. Instagram has emerged as one of the most popular platforms due to its visual and interactive features. However, increasing usage has raised concerns regarding its impact on psychological well-being. This study aims to examine the relationship between Instagram usage, self-esteem, depression, and loneliness among youth in Sabah. A quantitative approach was employed involving 455 respondents aged between 18 and 30 years. Instruments used include the Instagram Intensity Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and UCLA Loneliness Scale. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings indicate significant relationships between Instagram usage and self-esteem as well as depression. However, no significant relationship was found with loneliness. This study contributes to understanding the psychological impact of social media and highlights the need for effective interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 FADHILAH ATIQAH ADNAN, NUR FIRZANA ROSMAN, SUZANA MOHD HOESNI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0