FOREIGN LANGUAGE READING ANXIETY SCALE (FLRAS) FOR MANDARIN LEARNERS IN MALAYSIAN UNIVERSITIES: VALIDATION STUDY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7si3.1465Keywords:
foreign language reading anxiety, Malaysian, universities, Mandarin learners, validationAbstract
Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale (FLRAS) is a self-report instrument designed to measure a learner’s level of anxiety when reading in a foreign language. Although widely used in English language contexts, its application in Mandarin learning environments has been limited, and the validity and reliability of the scale in such contexts remain underexamined. Moreover, existing studies have raised concerns about its factor structure when adapted to Mandarin. This study investigates the validation of the FLRAS in the context of Mandarin learning through a two-phase validation process using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). In the pilot phase, data from 120 respondents were analysed via EFA using SPSS. The results indicated that all items could be retained; however, a four-factor structure emerged rather than the previously proposed two-factor model commonly reported in English-language studies. Subsequently, in the main study phase, data were collected from 326 Mandarin learners across Malaysian public universities. These data were analysed using CFA in AMOS. Fit indices, including chi-square, RMSEA, CFI, and NFI confirmed that the four-factor model demonstrated acceptable to good fit (χ²/df = 2.374, RMSEA = .060,CFI = .964, TLI = .960), thereby supporting the structural validity of the FLRAS for use with Mandarin learners. In conclusion, the FLRAS has been validated as a reliable and structurally sound instrument for assessing foreign language reading anxiety among Mandarin learners in Malaysia. This tool can help educators and stakeholders identify sources of reading anxiety, design targeted interventions, and cultivate learning environments that enhance reading performance and skill development.
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